Diff: lwip/core/pbuf.c

Revision:

0:b2805b6888dc

diff -r 000000000000 -r b2805b6888dc lwip/core/pbuf.c
--- /dev/null	Thu Jan 01 00:00:00 1970 +0000
+++ b/lwip/core/pbuf.c	Mon Jun 20 01:40:20 2016 +0000
@@ -0,0 +1,1158 @@
+/**
+ * @file
+ * Packet buffer management
+ *
+ * Packets are built from the pbuf data structure. It supports dynamic
+ * memory allocation for packet contents or can reference externally
+ * managed packet contents both in RAM and ROM. Quick allocation for
+ * incoming packets is provided through pools with fixed sized pbufs.
+ *
+ * A packet may span over multiple pbufs, chained as a singly linked
+ * list. This is called a "pbuf chain".
+ *
+ * Multiple packets may be queued, also using this singly linked list.
+ * This is called a "packet queue".
+ * 
+ * So, a packet queue consists of one or more pbuf chains, each of
+ * which consist of one or more pbufs. CURRENTLY, PACKET QUEUES ARE
+ * NOT SUPPORTED!!! Use helper structs to queue multiple packets.
+ * 
+ * The differences between a pbuf chain and a packet queue are very
+ * precise but subtle. 
+ *
+ * The last pbuf of a packet has a ->tot_len field that equals the
+ * ->len field. It can be found by traversing the list. If the last
+ * pbuf of a packet has a ->next field other than NULL, more packets
+ * are on the queue.
+ *
+ * Therefore, looping through a pbuf of a single packet, has an
+ * loop end condition (tot_len == p->len), NOT (next == NULL).
+ */
+
+/*
+ * Copyright (c) 2001-2004 Swedish Institute of Computer Science.
+ * All rights reserved.
+ *
+ * Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without modification,
+ * are permitted provided that the following conditions are met:
+ *
+ * 1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright notice,
+ *    this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
+ * 2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright notice,
+ *    this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the documentation
+ *    and/or other materials provided with the distribution.
+ * 3. The name of the author may not be used to endorse or promote products
+ *    derived from this software without specific prior written permission.
+ *
+ * THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE AUTHOR ``AS IS'' AND ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED
+ * WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF
+ * MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE ARE DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT
+ * SHALL THE AUTHOR BE LIABLE FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL,
+ * EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT
+ * OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS
+ * INTERRUPTION) HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN
+ * CONTRACT, STRICT LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING
+ * IN ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY
+ * OF SUCH DAMAGE.
+ *
+ * This file is part of the lwIP TCP/IP stack.
+ *
+ * Author: Adam Dunkels <adam@sics.se>
+ *
+ */
+
+#include "lwip/opt.h"
+
+#include "lwip/stats.h"
+#include "lwip/def.h"
+#include "lwip/mem.h"
+#include "lwip/memp.h"
+#include "lwip/pbuf.h"
+#include "lwip/sys.h"
+#include "arch/perf.h"
+#if TCP_QUEUE_OOSEQ
+#include "lwip/tcp_impl.h"
+#endif
+#if LWIP_CHECKSUM_ON_COPY
+#include "lwip/inet_chksum.h"
+#endif
+
+#include <string.h>
+
+#define SIZEOF_STRUCT_PBUF        LWIP_MEM_ALIGN_SIZE(sizeof(struct pbuf))
+/* Since the pool is created in memp, PBUF_POOL_BUFSIZE will be automatically
+   aligned there. Therefore, PBUF_POOL_BUFSIZE_ALIGNED can be used here. */
+#define PBUF_POOL_BUFSIZE_ALIGNED LWIP_MEM_ALIGN_SIZE(PBUF_POOL_BUFSIZE)
+
+#if !LWIP_TCP || !TCP_QUEUE_OOSEQ || NO_SYS
+#define PBUF_POOL_IS_EMPTY()
+#else /* !LWIP_TCP || !TCP_QUEUE_OOSEQ || NO_SYS */
+/** Define this to 0 to prevent freeing ooseq pbufs when the PBUF_POOL is empty */
+#ifndef PBUF_POOL_FREE_OOSEQ
+#define PBUF_POOL_FREE_OOSEQ 1
+#endif /* PBUF_POOL_FREE_OOSEQ */
+
+#if PBUF_POOL_FREE_OOSEQ
+#include "lwip/tcpip.h"
+#define PBUF_POOL_IS_EMPTY() pbuf_pool_is_empty()
+static u8_t pbuf_free_ooseq_queued;
+/**
+ * Attempt to reclaim some memory from queued out-of-sequence TCP segments
+ * if we run out of pool pbufs. It's better to give priority to new packets
+ * if we're running out.
+ *
+ * This must be done in the correct thread context therefore this function
+ * can only be used with NO_SYS=0 and through tcpip_callback.
+ */
+static void
+pbuf_free_ooseq(void* arg)
+{
+  struct tcp_pcb* pcb;
+  SYS_ARCH_DECL_PROTECT(old_level);
+  LWIP_UNUSED_ARG(arg);
+
+  SYS_ARCH_PROTECT(old_level);
+  pbuf_free_ooseq_queued = 0;
+  SYS_ARCH_UNPROTECT(old_level);
+
+  for (pcb = tcp_active_pcbs; NULL != pcb; pcb = pcb->next) {
+    if (NULL != pcb->ooseq) {
+      /** Free the ooseq pbufs of one PCB only */
+      LWIP_DEBUGF(PBUF_DEBUG | LWIP_DBG_TRACE, ("pbuf_free_ooseq: freeing out-of-sequence pbufs\n"));
+      tcp_segs_free(pcb->ooseq);
+      pcb->ooseq = NULL;
+      return;
+    }
+  }
+}
+
+/** Queue a call to pbuf_free_ooseq if not already queued. */
+static void
+pbuf_pool_is_empty(void)
+{
+  u8_t queued;
+  SYS_ARCH_DECL_PROTECT(old_level);
+
+  SYS_ARCH_PROTECT(old_level);
+  queued = pbuf_free_ooseq_queued;
+  pbuf_free_ooseq_queued = 1;
+  SYS_ARCH_UNPROTECT(old_level);
+
+  if(!queued) {
+    /* queue a call to pbuf_free_ooseq if not already queued */
+    if(tcpip_callback_with_block(pbuf_free_ooseq, NULL, 0) != ERR_OK) {
+      SYS_ARCH_PROTECT(old_level);
+      pbuf_free_ooseq_queued = 0;
+      SYS_ARCH_UNPROTECT(old_level);
+    }
+  }
+}
+#endif /* PBUF_POOL_FREE_OOSEQ */
+#endif /* !LWIP_TCP || !TCP_QUEUE_OOSEQ || NO_SYS */
+
+/**
+ * Allocates a pbuf of the given type (possibly a chain for PBUF_POOL type).
+ *
+ * The actual memory allocated for the pbuf is determined by the
+ * layer at which the pbuf is allocated and the requested size
+ * (from the size parameter).
+ *
+ * @param layer flag to define header size
+ * @param length size of the pbuf's payload
+ * @param type this parameter decides how and where the pbuf
+ * should be allocated as follows:
+ *
+ * - PBUF_RAM: buffer memory for pbuf is allocated as one large
+ *             chunk. This includes protocol headers as well.
+ * - PBUF_ROM: no buffer memory is allocated for the pbuf, even for
+ *             protocol headers. Additional headers must be prepended
+ *             by allocating another pbuf and chain in to the front of
+ *             the ROM pbuf. It is assumed that the memory used is really
+ *             similar to ROM in that it is immutable and will not be
+ *             changed. Memory which is dynamic should generally not
+ *             be attached to PBUF_ROM pbufs. Use PBUF_REF instead.
+ * - PBUF_REF: no buffer memory is allocated for the pbuf, even for
+ *             protocol headers. It is assumed that the pbuf is only
+ *             being used in a single thread. If the pbuf gets queued,
+ *             then pbuf_take should be called to copy the buffer.
+ * - PBUF_POOL: the pbuf is allocated as a pbuf chain, with pbufs from
+ *              the pbuf pool that is allocated during pbuf_init().
+ *
+ * @return the allocated pbuf. If multiple pbufs where allocated, this
+ * is the first pbuf of a pbuf chain.
+ */
+struct pbuf *
+pbuf_alloc(pbuf_layer layer, u16_t length, pbuf_type type)
+{
+  struct pbuf *p, *q, *r;
+  u16_t offset;
+  s32_t rem_len; /* remaining length */
+  LWIP_DEBUGF(PBUF_DEBUG | LWIP_DBG_TRACE, ("pbuf_alloc(length=%"U16_F")\n", length));
+
+  /* determine header offset */
+  offset = 0;
+  switch (layer) {
+  case PBUF_TRANSPORT:
+    /* add room for transport (often TCP) layer header */
+    offset += PBUF_TRANSPORT_HLEN;
+    /* FALLTHROUGH */
+  case PBUF_IP:
+    /* add room for IP layer header */
+    offset += PBUF_IP_HLEN;
+    /* FALLTHROUGH */
+  case PBUF_LINK:
+    /* add room for link layer header */
+    offset += PBUF_LINK_HLEN;
+    break;
+  case PBUF_RAW:
+    break;
+  default:
+    LWIP_ASSERT("pbuf_alloc: bad pbuf layer", 0);
+    return NULL;
+  }
+
+  switch (type) {
+  case PBUF_POOL:
+    /* allocate head of pbuf chain into p */
+    p = (struct pbuf *)memp_malloc(MEMP_PBUF_POOL);
+    LWIP_DEBUGF(PBUF_DEBUG | LWIP_DBG_TRACE, ("pbuf_alloc: allocated pbuf %p\n", (void *)p));
+    if (p == NULL) {
+      PBUF_POOL_IS_EMPTY();
+      return NULL;
+    }
+    p->type = type;
+    p->next = NULL;
+
+    /* make the payload pointer point 'offset' bytes into pbuf data memory */
+    p->payload = LWIP_MEM_ALIGN((void *)((u8_t *)p + (SIZEOF_STRUCT_PBUF + offset)));
+    LWIP_ASSERT("pbuf_alloc: pbuf p->payload properly aligned",
+            ((mem_ptr_t)p->payload % MEM_ALIGNMENT) == 0);
+    /* the total length of the pbuf chain is the requested size */
+    p->tot_len = length;
+    /* set the length of the first pbuf in the chain */
+    p->len = LWIP_MIN(length, PBUF_POOL_BUFSIZE_ALIGNED - LWIP_MEM_ALIGN_SIZE(offset));
+    LWIP_ASSERT("check p->payload + p->len does not overflow pbuf",
+                ((u8_t*)p->payload + p->len <=
+                 (u8_t*)p + SIZEOF_STRUCT_PBUF + PBUF_POOL_BUFSIZE_ALIGNED));
+    LWIP_ASSERT("PBUF_POOL_BUFSIZE must be bigger than MEM_ALIGNMENT",
+      (PBUF_POOL_BUFSIZE_ALIGNED - LWIP_MEM_ALIGN_SIZE(offset)) > 0 );
+    /* set reference count (needed here in case we fail) */
+    p->ref = 1;
+
+    /* now allocate the tail of the pbuf chain */
+
+    /* remember first pbuf for linkage in next iteration */
+    r = p;
+    /* remaining length to be allocated */
+    rem_len = length - p->len;
+    /* any remaining pbufs to be allocated? */
+    while (rem_len > 0) {
+      q = (struct pbuf *)memp_malloc(MEMP_PBUF_POOL);
+      if (q == NULL) {
+        PBUF_POOL_IS_EMPTY();
+        /* free chain so far allocated */
+        pbuf_free(p);
+        /* bail out unsuccesfully */
+        return NULL;
+      }
+      q->type = type;
+      q->flags = 0;
+      q->next = NULL;
+      /* make previous pbuf point to this pbuf */
+      r->next = q;
+      /* set total length of this pbuf and next in chain */
+      LWIP_ASSERT("rem_len < max_u16_t", rem_len < 0xffff);
+      q->tot_len = (u16_t)rem_len;
+      /* this pbuf length is pool size, unless smaller sized tail */
+      q->len = LWIP_MIN((u16_t)rem_len, PBUF_POOL_BUFSIZE_ALIGNED);
+      q->payload = (void *)((u8_t *)q + SIZEOF_STRUCT_PBUF);
+      LWIP_ASSERT("pbuf_alloc: pbuf q->payload properly aligned",
+              ((mem_ptr_t)q->payload % MEM_ALIGNMENT) == 0);
+      LWIP_ASSERT("check p->payload + p->len does not overflow pbuf",
+                  ((u8_t*)p->payload + p->len <=
+                   (u8_t*)p + SIZEOF_STRUCT_PBUF + PBUF_POOL_BUFSIZE_ALIGNED));
+      q->ref = 1;
+      /* calculate remaining length to be allocated */
+      rem_len -= q->len;
+      /* remember this pbuf for linkage in next iteration */
+      r = q;
+    }
+    /* end of chain */
+    /*r->next = NULL;*/
+
+    break;
+  case PBUF_RAM:
+    /* If pbuf is to be allocated in RAM, allocate memory for it. */
+    p = (struct pbuf*)mem_malloc(LWIP_MEM_ALIGN_SIZE(SIZEOF_STRUCT_PBUF + offset) + LWIP_MEM_ALIGN_SIZE(length));
+    if (p == NULL) {
+      return NULL;
+    }
+    /* Set up internal structure of the pbuf. */
+    p->payload = LWIP_MEM_ALIGN((void *)((u8_t *)p + SIZEOF_STRUCT_PBUF + offset));
+    p->len = p->tot_len = length;
+    p->next = NULL;
+    p->type = type;
+
+    LWIP_ASSERT("pbuf_alloc: pbuf->payload properly aligned",
+           ((mem_ptr_t)p->payload % MEM_ALIGNMENT) == 0);
+    break;
+  /* pbuf references existing (non-volatile static constant) ROM payload? */
+  case PBUF_ROM:
+  /* pbuf references existing (externally allocated) RAM payload? */
+  case PBUF_REF:
+    /* only allocate memory for the pbuf structure */
+    p = (struct pbuf *)memp_malloc(MEMP_PBUF);
+    if (p == NULL) {
+      LWIP_DEBUGF(PBUF_DEBUG | LWIP_DBG_LEVEL_SERIOUS,
+                  ("pbuf_alloc: Could not allocate MEMP_PBUF for PBUF_%s.\n",
+                  (type == PBUF_ROM) ? "ROM" : "REF"));
+      return NULL;
+    }
+    /* caller must set this field properly, afterwards */
+    p->payload = NULL;
+    p->len = p->tot_len = length;
+    p->next = NULL;
+    p->type = type;
+    break;
+  default:
+    LWIP_ASSERT("pbuf_alloc: erroneous type", 0);
+    return NULL;
+  }
+  /* set reference count */
+  p->ref = 1;
+  /* set flags */
+  p->flags = 0;
+  LWIP_DEBUGF(PBUF_DEBUG | LWIP_DBG_TRACE, ("pbuf_alloc(length=%"U16_F") == %p\n", length, (void *)p));
+  return p;
+}
+
+#if LWIP_SUPPORT_CUSTOM_PBUF
+/** Initialize a custom pbuf (already allocated).
+ *
+ * @param layer flag to define header size
+ * @param length size of the pbuf's payload
+ * @param type type of the pbuf (only used to treat the pbuf accordingly, as
+ *        this function allocates no memory)
+ * @param p pointer to the custom pbuf to initialize (already allocated)
+ * @param payload_mem pointer to the buffer that is used for payload and headers,
+ *        must be at least big enough to hold 'length' plus the header size,
+ *        may be NULL if set later
+ * @param payload_mem_len the size of the 'payload_mem' buffer, must be at least
+ *        big enough to hold 'length' plus the header size
+ */
+struct pbuf*
+pbuf_alloced_custom(pbuf_layer l, u16_t length, pbuf_type type, struct pbuf_custom *p,
+                    void *payload_mem, u16_t payload_mem_len)
+{
+  u16_t offset;
+  LWIP_DEBUGF(PBUF_DEBUG | LWIP_DBG_TRACE, ("pbuf_alloced_custom(length=%"U16_F")\n", length));
+
+  /* determine header offset */
+  offset = 0;
+  switch (l) {
+  case PBUF_TRANSPORT:
+    /* add room for transport (often TCP) layer header */
+    offset += PBUF_TRANSPORT_HLEN;
+    /* FALLTHROUGH */
+  case PBUF_IP:
+    /* add room for IP layer header */
+    offset += PBUF_IP_HLEN;
+    /* FALLTHROUGH */
+  case PBUF_LINK:
+    /* add room for link layer header */
+    offset += PBUF_LINK_HLEN;
+    break;
+  case PBUF_RAW:
+    break;
+  default:
+    LWIP_ASSERT("pbuf_alloced_custom: bad pbuf layer", 0);
+    return NULL;
+  }
+
+  if (LWIP_MEM_ALIGN_SIZE(offset) + length < payload_mem_len) {
+    LWIP_DEBUGF(PBUF_DEBUG | LWIP_DBG_LEVEL_WARNING, ("pbuf_alloced_custom(length=%"U16_F") buffer too short\n", length));
+    return NULL;
+  }
+
+  p->pbuf.next = NULL;
+  if (payload_mem != NULL) {
+    p->pbuf.payload = (void *)((u8_t *)payload_mem + offset);
+  } else {
+    p->pbuf.payload = NULL;
+  }
+  p->pbuf.flags = PBUF_FLAG_IS_CUSTOM;
+  p->pbuf.len = p->pbuf.tot_len = length;
+  p->pbuf.type = type;
+  p->pbuf.ref = 1;
+  return &p->pbuf;
+}
+#endif /* LWIP_SUPPORT_CUSTOM_PBUF */
+
+/**
+ * Shrink a pbuf chain to a desired length.
+ *
+ * @param p pbuf to shrink.
+ * @param new_len desired new length of pbuf chain
+ *
+ * Depending on the desired length, the first few pbufs in a chain might
+ * be skipped and left unchanged. The new last pbuf in the chain will be
+ * resized, and any remaining pbufs will be freed.
+ *
+ * @note If the pbuf is ROM/REF, only the ->tot_len and ->len fields are adjusted.
+ * @note May not be called on a packet queue.
+ *
+ * @note Despite its name, pbuf_realloc cannot grow the size of a pbuf (chain).
+ */
+void
+pbuf_realloc(struct pbuf *p, u16_t new_len)
+{
+  struct pbuf *q;
+  u16_t rem_len; /* remaining length */
+  s32_t grow;
+
+  LWIP_ASSERT("pbuf_realloc: p != NULL", p != NULL);
+  LWIP_ASSERT("pbuf_realloc: sane p->type", p->type == PBUF_POOL ||
+              p->type == PBUF_ROM ||
+              p->type == PBUF_RAM ||
+              p->type == PBUF_REF);
+
+  /* desired length larger than current length? */
+  if (new_len >= p->tot_len) {
+    /* enlarging not yet supported */
+    return;
+  }
+
+  /* the pbuf chain grows by (new_len - p->tot_len) bytes
+   * (which may be negative in case of shrinking) */
+  grow = new_len - p->tot_len;
+
+  /* first, step over any pbufs that should remain in the chain */
+  rem_len = new_len;
+  q = p;
+  /* should this pbuf be kept? */
+  while (rem_len > q->len) {
+    /* decrease remaining length by pbuf length */
+    rem_len -= q->len;
+    /* decrease total length indicator */
+    LWIP_ASSERT("grow < max_u16_t", grow < 0xffff);
+    q->tot_len += (u16_t)grow;
+    /* proceed to next pbuf in chain */
+    q = q->next;
+    LWIP_ASSERT("pbuf_realloc: q != NULL", q != NULL);
+  }
+  /* we have now reached the new last pbuf (in q) */
+  /* rem_len == desired length for pbuf q */
+
+  /* shrink allocated memory for PBUF_RAM */
+  /* (other types merely adjust their length fields */
+  if ((q->type == PBUF_RAM) && (rem_len != q->len)) {
+    /* reallocate and adjust the length of the pbuf that will be split */
+    q = (struct pbuf *)mem_trim(q, (u16_t)((u8_t *)q->payload - (u8_t *)q) + rem_len);
+    LWIP_ASSERT("mem_trim returned q == NULL", q != NULL);
+  }
+  /* adjust length fields for new last pbuf */
+  q->len = rem_len;
+  q->tot_len = q->len;
+
+  /* any remaining pbufs in chain? */
+  if (q->next != NULL) {
+    /* free remaining pbufs in chain */
+    pbuf_free(q->next);
+  }
+  /* q is last packet in chain */
+  q->next = NULL;
+
+}
+
+/**
+ * Adjusts the payload pointer to hide or reveal headers in the payload.
+ *
+ * Adjusts the ->payload pointer so that space for a header
+ * (dis)appears in the pbuf payload.
+ *
+ * The ->payload, ->tot_len and ->len fields are adjusted.
+ *
+ * @param p pbuf to change the header size.
+ * @param header_size_increment Number of bytes to increment header size which
+ * increases the size of the pbuf. New space is on the front.
+ * (Using a negative value decreases the header size.)
+ * If hdr_size_inc is 0, this function does nothing and returns succesful.
+ *
+ * PBUF_ROM and PBUF_REF type buffers cannot have their sizes increased, so
+ * the call will fail. A check is made that the increase in header size does
+ * not move the payload pointer in front of the start of the buffer.
+ * @return non-zero on failure, zero on success.
+ *
+ */
+u8_t
+pbuf_header(struct pbuf *p, s16_t header_size_increment)
+{
+  u16_t type;
+  void *payload;
+  u16_t increment_magnitude;
+
+  LWIP_ASSERT("p != NULL", p != NULL);
+  if ((header_size_increment == 0) || (p == NULL)) {
+    return 0;
+  }
+ 
+  if (header_size_increment < 0){
+    increment_magnitude = -header_size_increment;
+    /* Check that we aren't going to move off the end of the pbuf */
+    LWIP_ERROR("increment_magnitude <= p->len", (increment_magnitude <= p->len), return 1;);
+  } else {
+    increment_magnitude = header_size_increment;
+#if 0
+    /* Can't assert these as some callers speculatively call
+         pbuf_header() to see if it's OK.  Will return 1 below instead. */
+    /* Check that we've got the correct type of pbuf to work with */
+    LWIP_ASSERT("p->type == PBUF_RAM || p->type == PBUF_POOL", 
+                p->type == PBUF_RAM || p->type == PBUF_POOL);
+    /* Check that we aren't going to move off the beginning of the pbuf */
+    LWIP_ASSERT("p->payload - increment_magnitude >= p + SIZEOF_STRUCT_PBUF",
+                (u8_t *)p->payload - increment_magnitude >= (u8_t *)p + SIZEOF_STRUCT_PBUF);
+#endif
+  }
+
+  type = p->type;
+  /* remember current payload pointer */
+  payload = p->payload;
+
+  /* pbuf types containing payloads? */
+  if (type == PBUF_RAM || type == PBUF_POOL) {
+    /* set new payload pointer */
+    p->payload = (u8_t *)p->payload - header_size_increment;
+    /* boundary check fails? */
+    if ((u8_t *)p->payload < (u8_t *)p + SIZEOF_STRUCT_PBUF) {
+      LWIP_DEBUGF( PBUF_DEBUG | LWIP_DBG_LEVEL_SERIOUS,
+        ("pbuf_header: failed as %p < %p (not enough space for new header size)\n",
+        (void *)p->payload, (void *)(p + 1)));
+      /* restore old payload pointer */
+      p->payload = payload;
+      /* bail out unsuccesfully */
+      return 1;
+    }
+  /* pbuf types refering to external payloads? */
+  } else if (type == PBUF_REF || type == PBUF_ROM) {
+    /* hide a header in the payload? */
+    if ((header_size_increment < 0) && (increment_magnitude <= p->len)) {
+      /* increase payload pointer */
+      p->payload = (u8_t *)p->payload - header_size_increment;
+    } else {
+      /* cannot expand payload to front (yet!)
+       * bail out unsuccesfully */
+      return 1;
+    }
+  } else {
+    /* Unknown type */
+    LWIP_ASSERT("bad pbuf type", 0);
+    return 1;
+  }
+  /* modify pbuf length fields */
+  p->len += header_size_increment;
+  p->tot_len += header_size_increment;
+
+  LWIP_DEBUGF(PBUF_DEBUG | LWIP_DBG_TRACE, ("pbuf_header: old %p new %p (%"S16_F")\n",
+    (void *)payload, (void *)p->payload, header_size_increment));
+
+  return 0;
+}
+
+/**
+ * Dereference a pbuf chain or queue and deallocate any no-longer-used
+ * pbufs at the head of this chain or queue.
+ *
+ * Decrements the pbuf reference count. If it reaches zero, the pbuf is
+ * deallocated.
+ *
+ * For a pbuf chain, this is repeated for each pbuf in the chain,
+ * up to the first pbuf which has a non-zero reference count after
+ * decrementing. So, when all reference counts are one, the whole
+ * chain is free'd.
+ *
+ * @param p The pbuf (chain) to be dereferenced.
+ *
+ * @return the number of pbufs that were de-allocated
+ * from the head of the chain.
+ *
+ * @note MUST NOT be called on a packet queue (Not verified to work yet).
+ * @note the reference counter of a pbuf equals the number of pointers
+ * that refer to the pbuf (or into the pbuf).
+ *
+ * @internal examples:
+ *
+ * Assuming existing chains a->b->c with the following reference
+ * counts, calling pbuf_free(a) results in:
+ * 
+ * 1->2->3 becomes ...1->3
+ * 3->3->3 becomes 2->3->3
+ * 1->1->2 becomes ......1
+ * 2->1->1 becomes 1->1->1
+ * 1->1->1 becomes .......
+ *
+ */
+u8_t
+pbuf_free(struct pbuf *p)
+{
+  u16_t type;
+  struct pbuf *q;
+  u8_t count;
+
+  if (p == NULL) {
+    LWIP_ASSERT("p != NULL", p != NULL);
+    /* if assertions are disabled, proceed with debug output */
+    LWIP_DEBUGF(PBUF_DEBUG | LWIP_DBG_LEVEL_SERIOUS,
+      ("pbuf_free(p == NULL) was called.\n"));
+    return 0;
+  }
+  LWIP_DEBUGF(PBUF_DEBUG | LWIP_DBG_TRACE, ("pbuf_free(%p)\n", (void *)p));
+
+  PERF_START;
+
+  LWIP_ASSERT("pbuf_free: sane type",
+    p->type == PBUF_RAM || p->type == PBUF_ROM ||
+    p->type == PBUF_REF || p->type == PBUF_POOL);
+
+  count = 0;
+  /* de-allocate all consecutive pbufs from the head of the chain that
+   * obtain a zero reference count after decrementing*/
+  while (p != NULL) {
+    u16_t ref;
+    SYS_ARCH_DECL_PROTECT(old_level);
+    /* Since decrementing ref cannot be guaranteed to be a single machine operation
+     * we must protect it. We put the new ref into a local variable to prevent
+     * further protection. */
+    SYS_ARCH_PROTECT(old_level);
+    /* all pbufs in a chain are referenced at least once */
+    LWIP_ASSERT("pbuf_free: p->ref > 0", p->ref > 0);
+    /* decrease reference count (number of pointers to pbuf) */
+    ref = --(p->ref);
+    SYS_ARCH_UNPROTECT(old_level);
+    /* this pbuf is no longer referenced to? */
+    if (ref == 0) {
+      /* remember next pbuf in chain for next iteration */
+      q = p->next;
+      LWIP_DEBUGF( PBUF_DEBUG | LWIP_DBG_TRACE, ("pbuf_free: deallocating %p\n", (void *)p));
+      type = p->type;
+#if LWIP_SUPPORT_CUSTOM_PBUF
+      /* is this a custom pbuf? */
+      if ((p->flags & PBUF_FLAG_IS_CUSTOM) != 0) {
+        struct pbuf_custom *pc = (struct pbuf_custom*)p;
+        LWIP_ASSERT("pc->custom_free_function != NULL", pc->custom_free_function != NULL);
+        pc->custom_free_function(p);
+      } else
+#endif /* LWIP_SUPPORT_CUSTOM_PBUF */
+      {
+        /* is this a pbuf from the pool? */
+        if (type == PBUF_POOL) {
+          memp_free(MEMP_PBUF_POOL, p);
+        /* is this a ROM or RAM referencing pbuf? */
+        } else if (type == PBUF_ROM || type == PBUF_REF) {
+          memp_free(MEMP_PBUF, p);
+        /* type == PBUF_RAM */
+        } else {
+          mem_free(p);
+        }
+      }
+      count++;
+      /* proceed to next pbuf */
+      p = q;
+    /* p->ref > 0, this pbuf is still referenced to */
+    /* (and so the remaining pbufs in chain as well) */
+    } else {
+      LWIP_DEBUGF( PBUF_DEBUG | LWIP_DBG_TRACE, ("pbuf_free: %p has ref %"U16_F", ending here.\n", (void *)p, ref));
+      /* stop walking through the chain */
+      p = NULL;
+    }
+  }
+  PERF_STOP("pbuf_free");
+  /* return number of de-allocated pbufs */
+  return count;
+}
+
+/**
+ * Count number of pbufs in a chain
+ *
+ * @param p first pbuf of chain
+ * @return the number of pbufs in a chain
+ */
+
+u8_t
+pbuf_clen(struct pbuf *p)
+{
+  u8_t len;
+
+  len = 0;
+  while (p != NULL) {
+    ++len;
+    p = p->next;
+  }
+  return len;
+}
+
+/**
+ * Increment the reference count of the pbuf.
+ *
+ * @param p pbuf to increase reference counter of
+ *
+ */
+void
+pbuf_ref(struct pbuf *p)
+{
+  SYS_ARCH_DECL_PROTECT(old_level);
+  /* pbuf given? */
+  if (p != NULL) {
+    SYS_ARCH_PROTECT(old_level);
+    ++(p->ref);
+    SYS_ARCH_UNPROTECT(old_level);
+  }
+}
+
+/**
+ * Concatenate two pbufs (each may be a pbuf chain) and take over
+ * the caller's reference of the tail pbuf.
+ * 
+ * @note The caller MAY NOT reference the tail pbuf afterwards.
+ * Use pbuf_chain() for that purpose.
+ * 
+ * @see pbuf_chain()
+ */
+
+void
+pbuf_cat(struct pbuf *h, struct pbuf *t)
+{
+  struct pbuf *p;
+
+  LWIP_ERROR("(h != NULL) && (t != NULL) (programmer violates API)",
+             ((h != NULL) && (t != NULL)), return;);
+
+  /* proceed to last pbuf of chain */
+  for (p = h; p->next != NULL; p = p->next) {
+    /* add total length of second chain to all totals of first chain */
+    p->tot_len += t->tot_len;
+  }
+  /* { p is last pbuf of first h chain, p->next == NULL } */
+  LWIP_ASSERT("p->tot_len == p->len (of last pbuf in chain)", p->tot_len == p->len);
+  LWIP_ASSERT("p->next == NULL", p->next == NULL);
+  /* add total length of second chain to last pbuf total of first chain */
+  p->tot_len += t->tot_len;
+  /* chain last pbuf of head (p) with first of tail (t) */
+  p->next = t;
+  /* p->next now references t, but the caller will drop its reference to t,
+   * so netto there is no change to the reference count of t.
+   */
+}
+
+/**
+ * Chain two pbufs (or pbuf chains) together.
+ * 
+ * The caller MUST call pbuf_free(t) once it has stopped
+ * using it. Use pbuf_cat() instead if you no longer use t.
+ * 
+ * @param h head pbuf (chain)
+ * @param t tail pbuf (chain)
+ * @note The pbufs MUST belong to the same packet.
+ * @note MAY NOT be called on a packet queue.
+ *
+ * The ->tot_len fields of all pbufs of the head chain are adjusted.
+ * The ->next field of the last pbuf of the head chain is adjusted.
+ * The ->ref field of the first pbuf of the tail chain is adjusted.
+ *
+ */
+void
+pbuf_chain(struct pbuf *h, struct pbuf *t)
+{
+  pbuf_cat(h, t);
+  /* t is now referenced by h */
+  pbuf_ref(t);
+  LWIP_DEBUGF(PBUF_DEBUG | LWIP_DBG_TRACE, ("pbuf_chain: %p references %p\n", (void *)h, (void *)t));
+}
+
+/**
+ * Dechains the first pbuf from its succeeding pbufs in the chain.
+ *
+ * Makes p->tot_len field equal to p->len.
+ * @param p pbuf to dechain
+ * @return remainder of the pbuf chain, or NULL if it was de-allocated.
+ * @note May not be called on a packet queue.
+ */
+struct pbuf *
+pbuf_dechain(struct pbuf *p)
+{
+  struct pbuf *q;
+  u8_t tail_gone = 1;
+  /* tail */
+  q = p->next;
+  /* pbuf has successor in chain? */
+  if (q != NULL) {
+    /* assert tot_len invariant: (p->tot_len == p->len + (p->next? p->next->tot_len: 0) */
+    LWIP_ASSERT("p->tot_len == p->len + q->tot_len", q->tot_len == p->tot_len - p->len);
+    /* enforce invariant if assertion is disabled */
+    q->tot_len = p->tot_len - p->len;
+    /* decouple pbuf from remainder */
+    p->next = NULL;
+    /* total length of pbuf p is its own length only */
+    p->tot_len = p->len;
+    /* q is no longer referenced by p, free it */
+    LWIP_DEBUGF(PBUF_DEBUG | LWIP_DBG_TRACE, ("pbuf_dechain: unreferencing %p\n", (void *)q));
+    tail_gone = pbuf_free(q);
+    if (tail_gone > 0) {
+      LWIP_DEBUGF(PBUF_DEBUG | LWIP_DBG_TRACE,
+                  ("pbuf_dechain: deallocated %p (as it is no longer referenced)\n", (void *)q));
+    }
+    /* return remaining tail or NULL if deallocated */
+  }
+  /* assert tot_len invariant: (p->tot_len == p->len + (p->next? p->next->tot_len: 0) */
+  LWIP_ASSERT("p->tot_len == p->len", p->tot_len == p->len);
+  return ((tail_gone > 0) ? NULL : q);
+}
+
+/**
+ *
+ * Create PBUF_RAM copies of pbufs.
+ *
+ * Used to queue packets on behalf of the lwIP stack, such as
+ * ARP based queueing.
+ *
+ * @note You MUST explicitly use p = pbuf_take(p);
+ *
+ * @note Only one packet is copied, no packet queue!
+ *
+ * @param p_to pbuf destination of the copy
+ * @param p_from pbuf source of the copy
+ *
+ * @return ERR_OK if pbuf was copied
+ *         ERR_ARG if one of the pbufs is NULL or p_to is not big
+ *                 enough to hold p_from
+ */
+err_t
+pbuf_copy(struct pbuf *p_to, struct pbuf *p_from)
+{
+  u16_t offset_to=0, offset_from=0, len;
+
+  LWIP_DEBUGF(PBUF_DEBUG | LWIP_DBG_TRACE, ("pbuf_copy(%p, %p)\n",
+    (void*)p_to, (void*)p_from));
+
+  /* is the target big enough to hold the source? */
+  LWIP_ERROR("pbuf_copy: target not big enough to hold source", ((p_to != NULL) &&
+             (p_from != NULL) && (p_to->tot_len >= p_from->tot_len)), return ERR_ARG;);
+
+  /* iterate through pbuf chain */
+  do
+  {
+    LWIP_ASSERT("p_to != NULL", p_to != NULL);
+    /* copy one part of the original chain */
+    if ((p_to->len - offset_to) >= (p_from->len - offset_from)) {
+      /* complete current p_from fits into current p_to */
+      len = p_from->len - offset_from;
+    } else {
+      /* current p_from does not fit into current p_to */
+      len = p_to->len - offset_to;
+    }
+    MEMCPY((u8_t*)p_to->payload + offset_to, (u8_t*)p_from->payload + offset_from, len);
+    offset_to += len;
+    offset_from += len;
+    LWIP_ASSERT("offset_to <= p_to->len", offset_to <= p_to->len);
+    if (offset_to == p_to->len) {
+      /* on to next p_to (if any) */
+      offset_to = 0;
+      p_to = p_to->next;
+    }
+    LWIP_ASSERT("offset_from <= p_from->len", offset_from <= p_from->len);
+    if (offset_from >= p_from->len) {
+      /* on to next p_from (if any) */
+      offset_from = 0;
+      p_from = p_from->next;
+    }
+
+    if((p_from != NULL) && (p_from->len == p_from->tot_len)) {
+      /* don't copy more than one packet! */
+      LWIP_ERROR("pbuf_copy() does not allow packet queues!\n",
+                 (p_from->next == NULL), return ERR_VAL;);
+    }
+    if((p_to != NULL) && (p_to->len == p_to->tot_len)) {
+      /* don't copy more than one packet! */
+      LWIP_ERROR("pbuf_copy() does not allow packet queues!\n",
+                  (p_to->next == NULL), return ERR_VAL;);
+    }
+  } while (p_from);
+  LWIP_DEBUGF(PBUF_DEBUG | LWIP_DBG_TRACE, ("pbuf_copy: end of chain reached.\n"));
+  return ERR_OK;
+}
+
+/**
+ * Copy (part of) the contents of a packet buffer
+ * to an application supplied buffer.
+ *
+ * @param buf the pbuf from which to copy data
+ * @param dataptr the application supplied buffer
+ * @param len length of data to copy (dataptr must be big enough). No more 
+ * than buf->tot_len will be copied, irrespective of len
+ * @param offset offset into the packet buffer from where to begin copying len bytes
+ * @return the number of bytes copied, or 0 on failure
+ */
+u16_t
+pbuf_copy_partial(struct pbuf *buf, void *dataptr, u16_t len, u16_t offset)
+{
+  struct pbuf *p;
+  u16_t left;
+  u16_t buf_copy_len;
+  u16_t copied_total = 0;
+
+  LWIP_ERROR("pbuf_copy_partial: invalid buf", (buf != NULL), return 0;);
+  LWIP_ERROR("pbuf_copy_partial: invalid dataptr", (dataptr != NULL), return 0;);
+
+  left = 0;
+
+  if((buf == NULL) || (dataptr == NULL)) {
+    return 0;
+  }
+
+  /* Note some systems use byte copy if dataptr or one of the pbuf payload pointers are unaligned. */
+  for(p = buf; len != 0 && p != NULL; p = p->next) {
+    if ((offset != 0) && (offset >= p->len)) {
+      /* don't copy from this buffer -> on to the next */
+      offset -= p->len;
+    } else {
+      /* copy from this buffer. maybe only partially. */
+      buf_copy_len = p->len - offset;
+      if (buf_copy_len > len)
+          buf_copy_len = len;
+      /* copy the necessary parts of the buffer */
+      MEMCPY(&((char*)dataptr)[left], &((char*)p->payload)[offset], buf_copy_len);
+      copied_total += buf_copy_len;
+      left += buf_copy_len;
+      len -= buf_copy_len;
+      offset = 0;
+    }
+  }
+  return copied_total;
+}
+
+/**
+ * Copy application supplied data into a pbuf.
+ * This function can only be used to copy the equivalent of buf->tot_len data.
+ *
+ * @param buf pbuf to fill with data
+ * @param dataptr application supplied data buffer
+ * @param len length of the application supplied data buffer
+ *
+ * @return ERR_OK if successful, ERR_MEM if the pbuf is not big enough
+ */
+err_t
+pbuf_take(struct pbuf *buf, const void *dataptr, u16_t len)
+{
+  struct pbuf *p;
+  u16_t buf_copy_len;
+  u16_t total_copy_len = len;
+  u16_t copied_total = 0;
+
+  LWIP_ERROR("pbuf_take: invalid buf", (buf != NULL), return 0;);
+  LWIP_ERROR("pbuf_take: invalid dataptr", (dataptr != NULL), return 0;);
+
+  if ((buf == NULL) || (dataptr == NULL) || (buf->tot_len < len)) {
+    return ERR_ARG;
+  }
+
+  /* Note some systems use byte copy if dataptr or one of the pbuf payload pointers are unaligned. */
+  for(p = buf; total_copy_len != 0; p = p->next) {
+    LWIP_ASSERT("pbuf_take: invalid pbuf", p != NULL);
+    buf_copy_len = total_copy_len;
+    if (buf_copy_len > p->len) {
+      /* this pbuf cannot hold all remaining data */
+      buf_copy_len = p->len;
+    }
+    /* copy the necessary parts of the buffer */
+    MEMCPY(p->payload, &((char*)dataptr)[copied_total], buf_copy_len);
+    total_copy_len -= buf_copy_len;
+    copied_total += buf_copy_len;
+  }
+  LWIP_ASSERT("did not copy all data", total_copy_len == 0 && copied_total == len);
+  return ERR_OK;
+}
+
+/**
+ * Creates a single pbuf out of a queue of pbufs.
+ *
+ * @remark: Either the source pbuf 'p' is freed by this function or the original
+ *          pbuf 'p' is returned, therefore the caller has to check the result!
+ *
+ * @param p the source pbuf
+ * @param layer pbuf_layer of the new pbuf
+ *
+ * @return a new, single pbuf (p->next is NULL)
+ *         or the old pbuf if allocation fails
+ */
+struct pbuf*
+pbuf_coalesce(struct pbuf *p, pbuf_layer layer)
+{
+  struct pbuf *q;
+  err_t err;
+  if (p->next == NULL) {
+    return p;
+  }
+  q = pbuf_alloc(layer, p->tot_len, PBUF_RAM);
+  if (q == NULL) {
+    /* @todo: what do we do now? */
+    return p;
+  }
+  err = pbuf_copy(q, p);
+  LWIP_ASSERT("pbuf_copy failed", err == ERR_OK);
+  /* next line references err variable even if LWIP_ASSERT is ignored. */
+  (void)err;
+  pbuf_free(p);
+  return q;
+}
+
+#if LWIP_CHECKSUM_ON_COPY
+/**
+ * Copies data into a single pbuf (*not* into a pbuf queue!) and updates
+ * the checksum while copying
+ *
+ * @param p the pbuf to copy data into
+ * @param start_offset offset of p->payload where to copy the data to
+ * @param dataptr data to copy into the pbuf
+ * @param len length of data to copy into the pbuf
+ * @param chksum pointer to the checksum which is updated
+ * @return ERR_OK if successful, another error if the data does not fit
+ *         within the (first) pbuf (no pbuf queues!)
+ */
+err_t
+pbuf_fill_chksum(struct pbuf *p, u16_t start_offset, const void *dataptr,
+                 u16_t len, u16_t *chksum)
+{
+  u32_t acc;
+  u16_t copy_chksum;
+  char *dst_ptr;
+  LWIP_ASSERT("p != NULL", p != NULL);
+  LWIP_ASSERT("dataptr != NULL", dataptr != NULL);
+  LWIP_ASSERT("chksum != NULL", chksum != NULL);
+  LWIP_ASSERT("len != 0", len != 0);
+
+  if ((start_offset >= p->len) || (start_offset + len > p->len)) {
+    return ERR_ARG;
+  }
+
+  dst_ptr = ((char*)p->payload) + start_offset;
+  copy_chksum = LWIP_CHKSUM_COPY(dst_ptr, dataptr, len);
+  if ((start_offset & 1) != 0) {
+    copy_chksum = SWAP_BYTES_IN_WORD(copy_chksum);
+  }
+  acc = *chksum;
+  acc += copy_chksum;
+  *chksum = FOLD_U32T(acc);
+  return ERR_OK;
+}
+#endif /* LWIP_CHECKSUM_ON_COPY */
+
+ /** Get one byte from the specified position in a pbuf
+ * WARNING: returns zero for offset >= p->tot_len
+ *
+ * @param p pbuf to parse
+ * @param offset offset into p of the byte to return
+ * @return byte at an offset into p OR ZERO IF 'offset' >= p->tot_len
+ */
+u8_t
+pbuf_get_at(struct pbuf* p, u16_t offset)
+{
+  u16_t copy_from = offset;
+  struct pbuf* q = p;
+
+  /* get the correct pbuf */
+  while ((q != NULL) && (q->len <= copy_from)) {
+    copy_from -= q->len;
+    q = q->next;
+  }
+  /* return requested data if pbuf is OK */
+  if ((q != NULL) && (q->len > copy_from)) {
+    return ((u8_t*)q->payload)[copy_from];
+  }
+  return 0;
+}
+
+/** Compare pbuf contents at specified offset with memory s2, both of length n
+ *
+ * @param p pbuf to compare
+ * @param offset offset into p at wich to start comparing
+ * @param s2 buffer to compare
+ * @param n length of buffer to compare
+ * @return zero if equal, nonzero otherwise
+ *         (0xffff if p is too short, diffoffset+1 otherwise)
+ */
+u16_t
+pbuf_memcmp(struct pbuf* p, u16_t offset, const void* s2, u16_t n)
+{
+  u16_t start = offset;
+  struct pbuf* q = p;
+
+  /* get the correct pbuf */
+  while ((q != NULL) && (q->len <= start)) {
+    start -= q->len;
+    q = q->next;
+  }
+  /* return requested data if pbuf is OK */
+  if ((q != NULL) && (q->len > start)) {
+    u16_t i;
+    for(i = 0; i < n; i++) {
+      u8_t a = pbuf_get_at(q, start + i);
+      u8_t b = ((u8_t*)s2)[i];
+      if (a != b) {
+        return i+1;
+      }
+    }
+    return 0;
+  }
+  return 0xffff;
+}
+
+/** Find occurrence of mem (with length mem_len) in pbuf p, starting at offset
+ * start_offset.
+ *
+ * @param p pbuf to search, maximum length is 0xFFFE since 0xFFFF is used as
+ *        return value 'not found'
+ * @param mem search for the contents of this buffer
+ * @param mem_len length of 'mem'
+ * @param start_offset offset into p at which to start searching
+ * @return 0xFFFF if substr was not found in p or the index where it was found
+ */
+u16_t
+pbuf_memfind(struct pbuf* p, const void* mem, u16_t mem_len, u16_t start_offset)
+{
+  u16_t i;
+  u16_t max = p->tot_len - mem_len;
+  if (p->tot_len >= mem_len + start_offset) {
+    for(i = start_offset; i <= max; ) {
+      u16_t plus = pbuf_memcmp(p, i, mem, mem_len);
+      if (plus == 0) {
+        return i;
+      } else {
+        i += plus;
+      }
+    }
+  }
+  return 0xFFFF;
+}
+
+/** Find occurrence of substr with length substr_len in pbuf p, start at offset
+ * start_offset
+ * WARNING: in contrast to strstr(), this one does not stop at the first \0 in
+ * the pbuf/source string!
+ *
+ * @param p pbuf to search, maximum length is 0xFFFE since 0xFFFF is used as
+ *        return value 'not found'
+ * @param substr string to search for in p, maximum length is 0xFFFE
+ * @return 0xFFFF if substr was not found in p or the index where it was found
+ */
+u16_t
+pbuf_strstr(struct pbuf* p, const char* substr)
+{
+  size_t substr_len;
+  if ((substr == NULL) || (substr[0] == 0) || (p->tot_len == 0xFFFF)) {
+    return 0xFFFF;
+  }
+  substr_len = strlen(substr);
+  if (substr_len >= 0xFFFF) {
+    return 0xFFFF;
+  }
+  return pbuf_memfind(p, substr, (u16_t)substr_len, 0);
+}