LSM9DS1.cpp

00001 /******************************************************************************
00002 SFE_LSM9DS1.cpp
00003 SFE_LSM9DS1 Library Source File
00004 Jim Lindblom @ SparkFun Electronics
00005 Original Creation Date: February 27, 2015
00006 https://github.com/sparkfun/LSM9DS1_Breakout
00007 
00008 This file implements all functions of the LSM9DS1 class. Functions here range
00009 from higher level stuff, like reading/writing LSM9DS1 registers to low-level,
00010 hardware reads and writes. Both SPI and I2C handler functions can be found
00011 towards the bottom of this file.
00012 
00013 Development environment specifics:
00014     IDE: Arduino 1.6
00015     Hardware Platform: Arduino Uno
00016     LSM9DS1 Breakout Version: 1.0
00017 
00018 This code is beerware; if you see me (or any other SparkFun employee) at the
00019 local, and you've found our code helpful, please buy us a round!
00020 
00021 Distributed as-is; no warranty is given.
00022 ******************************************************************************/
00023 
00024 #include "LSM9DS1.h"
00025 #include "LSM9DS1_Registers.h"
00026 #include "LSM9DS1_Types.h"
00027 //#include <Wire.h> // Wire library is used for I2C
00028 //#include <SPI.h>  // SPI library is used for...SPI.
00029 
00030 //#if defined(ARDUINO) && ARDUINO >= 100
00031 //  #include "Arduino.h"
00032 //#else
00033 //  #include "WProgram.h"
00034 //#endif
00035 
00036 #define LSM9DS1_COMMUNICATION_TIMEOUT 1000
00037 
00038 float magSensitivity[4] = {0.00014, 0.00029, 0.00043, 0.00058};
00039 extern Serial pc;
00040 
00041 LSM9DS1::LSM9DS1(PinName sda, PinName scl, uint8_t xgAddr, uint8_t mAddr)
00042     :i2c(sda, scl)
00043 {
00044     init(IMU_MODE_I2C, xgAddr, mAddr); // dont know about 0xD6 or 0x3B
00045 }
00046 /*
00047 LSM9DS1::LSM9DS1()
00048 {
00049     init(IMU_MODE_I2C, LSM9DS1_AG_ADDR(1), LSM9DS1_M_ADDR(1));
00050 }
00051 
00052 LSM9DS1::LSM9DS1(interface_mode interface, uint8_t xgAddr, uint8_t mAddr)
00053 {
00054     init(interface, xgAddr, mAddr);
00055 }
00056 */
00057 
00058 void LSM9DS1::init(interface_mode interface, uint8_t xgAddr, uint8_t mAddr)
00059 {
00060     settings.device.commInterface = interface;
00061     settings.device.agAddress = xgAddr;
00062     settings.device.mAddress = mAddr;
00063 
00064     settings.gyro.enabled = true;
00065     settings.gyro.enableX = true;
00066     settings.gyro.enableY = true;
00067     settings.gyro.enableZ = true;
00068     // gyro scale can be 245, 500, or 2000
00069     settings.gyro.scale = 245;
00070     // gyro sample rate: value between 1-6
00071     // 1 = 14.9    4 = 238
00072     // 2 = 59.5    5 = 476
00073     // 3 = 119     6 = 952
00074     settings.gyro.sampleRate = 6;
00075     // gyro cutoff frequency: value between 0-3
00076     // Actual value of cutoff frequency depends
00077     // on sample rate.
00078     settings.gyro.bandwidth = 0;
00079     settings.gyro.lowPowerEnable = false;
00080     settings.gyro.HPFEnable = false;
00081     // Gyro HPF cutoff frequency: value between 0-9
00082     // Actual value depends on sample rate. Only applies
00083     // if gyroHPFEnable is true.
00084     settings.gyro.HPFCutoff = 0;
00085     settings.gyro.flipX = false;
00086     settings.gyro.flipY = false;
00087     settings.gyro.flipZ = false;
00088     settings.gyro.orientation = 0;
00089     settings.gyro.latchInterrupt = true;
00090 
00091     settings.accel.enabled = true;
00092     settings.accel.enableX = true;
00093     settings.accel.enableY = true;
00094     settings.accel.enableZ = true;
00095     // accel scale can be 2, 4, 8, or 16
00096     settings.accel.scale = 2;
00097     // accel sample rate can be 1-6
00098     // 1 = 10 Hz    4 = 238 Hz
00099     // 2 = 50 Hz    5 = 476 Hz
00100     // 3 = 119 Hz   6 = 952 Hz
00101     settings.accel.sampleRate = 6;
00102     // Accel cutoff freqeuncy can be any value between -1 - 3.
00103     // -1 = bandwidth determined by sample rate
00104     // 0 = 408 Hz   2 = 105 Hz
00105     // 1 = 211 Hz   3 = 50 Hz
00106     settings.accel.bandwidth = -1;
00107     settings.accel.highResEnable = false;
00108     // accelHighResBandwidth can be any value between 0-3
00109     // LP cutoff is set to a factor of sample rate
00110     // 0 = ODR/50    2 = ODR/9
00111     // 1 = ODR/100   3 = ODR/400
00112     settings.accel.highResBandwidth = 0;
00113 
00114     settings.mag.enabled = true;
00115     // mag scale can be 4, 8, 12, or 16
00116     settings.mag.scale = 4;
00117     // mag data rate can be 0-7
00118     // 0 = 0.625 Hz  4 = 10 Hz
00119     // 1 = 1.25 Hz   5 = 20 Hz
00120     // 2 = 2.5 Hz    6 = 40 Hz
00121     // 3 = 5 Hz      7 = 80 Hz
00122     settings.mag.sampleRate = 7;
00123     settings.mag.tempCompensationEnable = false;
00124     // magPerformance can be any value between 0-3
00125     // 0 = Low power mode      2 = high performance
00126     // 1 = medium performance  3 = ultra-high performance
00127     settings.mag.XYPerformance = 3;
00128     settings.mag.ZPerformance = 3;
00129     settings.mag.lowPowerEnable = false;
00130     // magOperatingMode can be 0-2
00131     // 0 = continuous conversion
00132     // 1 = single-conversion
00133     // 2 = power down
00134     settings.mag.operatingMode = 0;
00135 
00136     settings.temp.enabled = true;
00137     for (int i=0; i<3; i++) {
00138         gBias[i] = 0;
00139         aBias[i] = 0;
00140         mBias[i] = 0;
00141         gBiasRaw[i] = 0;
00142         aBiasRaw[i] = 0;
00143         mBiasRaw[i] = 0;
00144     }
00145     _autoCalc = false;
00146 }
00147 
00148 
00149 uint16_t LSM9DS1::begin()
00150 {
00151     //! Todo: don't use _xgAddress or _mAddress, duplicating memory
00152     _xgAddress = settings.device.agAddress;
00153     _mAddress = settings.device.mAddress;
00154 
00155     constrainScales();
00156     // Once we have the scale values, we can calculate the resolution
00157     // of each sensor. That's what these functions are for. One for each sensor
00158     calcgRes(); // Calculate DPS / ADC tick, stored in gRes variable
00159     calcmRes(); // Calculate Gs / ADC tick, stored in mRes variable
00160     calcaRes(); // Calculate g / ADC tick, stored in aRes variable
00161 
00162     // Now, initialize our hardware interface.
00163     if (settings.device.commInterface == IMU_MODE_I2C)  // If we're using I2C
00164         initI2C();  // Initialize I2C
00165     else if (settings.device.commInterface == IMU_MODE_SPI)     // else, if we're using SPI
00166         initSPI();  // Initialize SPI
00167 
00168     // To verify communication, we can read from the WHO_AM_I register of
00169     // each device. Store those in a variable so we can return them.
00170     uint8_t mTest = mReadByte(WHO_AM_I_M);      // Read the gyro WHO_AM_I
00171     uint8_t xgTest = xgReadByte(WHO_AM_I_XG);   // Read the accel/mag WHO_AM_I
00172     pc.printf("%x, %x, %x, %x\n\r", mTest, xgTest, _xgAddress, _mAddress);
00173     uint16_t whoAmICombined = (xgTest << 8) | mTest;
00174 
00175     if (whoAmICombined != ((WHO_AM_I_AG_RSP << 8) | WHO_AM_I_M_RSP))
00176         return 0;
00177 
00178     // Gyro initialization stuff:
00179     initGyro(); // This will "turn on" the gyro. Setting up interrupts, etc.
00180 
00181     // Accelerometer initialization stuff:
00182     initAccel(); // "Turn on" all axes of the accel. Set up interrupts, etc.
00183 
00184     // Magnetometer initialization stuff:
00185     initMag(); // "Turn on" all axes of the mag. Set up interrupts, etc.
00186 
00187     // Once everything is initialized, return the WHO_AM_I registers we read:
00188     return whoAmICombined;
00189 }
00190 
00191 void LSM9DS1::initGyro()
00192 {
00193     uint8_t tempRegValue = 0;
00194 
00195     // CTRL_REG1_G (Default value: 0x00)
00196     // [ODR_G2][ODR_G1][ODR_G0][FS_G1][FS_G0][0][BW_G1][BW_G0]
00197     // ODR_G[2:0] - Output data rate selection
00198     // FS_G[1:0] - Gyroscope full-scale selection
00199     // BW_G[1:0] - Gyroscope bandwidth selection
00200 
00201     // To disable gyro, set sample rate bits to 0. We'll only set sample
00202     // rate if the gyro is enabled.
00203     if (settings.gyro.enabled) {
00204         tempRegValue = (settings.gyro.sampleRate & 0x07) << 5;
00205     }
00206     switch (settings.gyro.scale) {
00207         case 500:
00208             tempRegValue |= (0x1 << 3);
00209             break;
00210         case 2000:
00211             tempRegValue |= (0x3 << 3);
00212             break;
00213             // Otherwise we'll set it to 245 dps (0x0 << 4)
00214     }
00215     tempRegValue |= (settings.gyro.bandwidth & 0x3);
00216     xgWriteByte(CTRL_REG1_G, tempRegValue);
00217 
00218     // CTRL_REG2_G (Default value: 0x00)
00219     // [0][0][0][0][INT_SEL1][INT_SEL0][OUT_SEL1][OUT_SEL0]
00220     // INT_SEL[1:0] - INT selection configuration
00221     // OUT_SEL[1:0] - Out selection configuration
00222     xgWriteByte(CTRL_REG2_G, 0x00);
00223 
00224     // CTRL_REG3_G (Default value: 0x00)
00225     // [LP_mode][HP_EN][0][0][HPCF3_G][HPCF2_G][HPCF1_G][HPCF0_G]
00226     // LP_mode - Low-power mode enable (0: disabled, 1: enabled)
00227     // HP_EN - HPF enable (0:disabled, 1: enabled)
00228     // HPCF_G[3:0] - HPF cutoff frequency
00229     tempRegValue = settings.gyro.lowPowerEnable ? (1<<7) : 0;
00230     if (settings.gyro.HPFEnable) {
00231         tempRegValue |= (1<<6) | (settings.gyro.HPFCutoff & 0x0F);
00232     }
00233     xgWriteByte(CTRL_REG3_G, tempRegValue);
00234 
00235     // CTRL_REG4 (Default value: 0x38)
00236     // [0][0][Zen_G][Yen_G][Xen_G][0][LIR_XL1][4D_XL1]
00237     // Zen_G - Z-axis output enable (0:disable, 1:enable)
00238     // Yen_G - Y-axis output enable (0:disable, 1:enable)
00239     // Xen_G - X-axis output enable (0:disable, 1:enable)
00240     // LIR_XL1 - Latched interrupt (0:not latched, 1:latched)
00241     // 4D_XL1 - 4D option on interrupt (0:6D used, 1:4D used)
00242     tempRegValue = 0;
00243     if (settings.gyro.enableZ) tempRegValue |= (1<<5);
00244     if (settings.gyro.enableY) tempRegValue |= (1<<4);
00245     if (settings.gyro.enableX) tempRegValue |= (1<<3);
00246     if (settings.gyro.latchInterrupt) tempRegValue |= (1<<1);
00247     xgWriteByte(CTRL_REG4, tempRegValue);
00248 
00249     // ORIENT_CFG_G (Default value: 0x00)
00250     // [0][0][SignX_G][SignY_G][SignZ_G][Orient_2][Orient_1][Orient_0]
00251     // SignX_G - Pitch axis (X) angular rate sign (0: positive, 1: negative)
00252     // Orient [2:0] - Directional user orientation selection
00253     tempRegValue = 0;
00254     if (settings.gyro.flipX) tempRegValue |= (1<<5);
00255     if (settings.gyro.flipY) tempRegValue |= (1<<4);
00256     if (settings.gyro.flipZ) tempRegValue |= (1<<3);
00257     xgWriteByte(ORIENT_CFG_G, tempRegValue);
00258 }
00259 
00260 void LSM9DS1::initAccel()
00261 {
00262     uint8_t tempRegValue = 0;
00263 
00264     //  CTRL_REG5_XL (0x1F) (Default value: 0x38)
00265     //  [DEC_1][DEC_0][Zen_XL][Yen_XL][Zen_XL][0][0][0]
00266     //  DEC[0:1] - Decimation of accel data on OUT REG and FIFO.
00267     //      00: None, 01: 2 samples, 10: 4 samples 11: 8 samples
00268     //  Zen_XL - Z-axis output enabled
00269     //  Yen_XL - Y-axis output enabled
00270     //  Xen_XL - X-axis output enabled
00271     if (settings.accel.enableZ) tempRegValue |= (1<<5);
00272     if (settings.accel.enableY) tempRegValue |= (1<<4);
00273     if (settings.accel.enableX) tempRegValue |= (1<<3);
00274 
00275     xgWriteByte(CTRL_REG5_XL, tempRegValue);
00276 
00277     // CTRL_REG6_XL (0x20) (Default value: 0x00)
00278     // [ODR_XL2][ODR_XL1][ODR_XL0][FS1_XL][FS0_XL][BW_SCAL_ODR][BW_XL1][BW_XL0]
00279     // ODR_XL[2:0] - Output data rate & power mode selection
00280     // FS_XL[1:0] - Full-scale selection
00281     // BW_SCAL_ODR - Bandwidth selection
00282     // BW_XL[1:0] - Anti-aliasing filter bandwidth selection
00283     tempRegValue = 0;
00284     // To disable the accel, set the sampleRate bits to 0.
00285     if (settings.accel.enabled) {
00286         tempRegValue |= (settings.accel.sampleRate & 0x07) << 5;
00287     }
00288     switch (settings.accel.scale) {
00289         case 4:
00290             tempRegValue |= (0x2 << 3);
00291             break;
00292         case 8:
00293             tempRegValue |= (0x3 << 3);
00294             break;
00295         case 16:
00296             tempRegValue |= (0x1 << 3);
00297             break;
00298             // Otherwise it'll be set to 2g (0x0 << 3)
00299     }
00300     if (settings.accel.bandwidth >= 0) {
00301         tempRegValue |= (1<<2); // Set BW_SCAL_ODR
00302         tempRegValue |= (settings.accel.bandwidth & 0x03);
00303     }
00304     xgWriteByte(CTRL_REG6_XL, tempRegValue);
00305 
00306     // CTRL_REG7_XL (0x21) (Default value: 0x00)
00307     // [HR][DCF1][DCF0][0][0][FDS][0][HPIS1]
00308     // HR - High resolution mode (0: disable, 1: enable)
00309     // DCF[1:0] - Digital filter cutoff frequency
00310     // FDS - Filtered data selection
00311     // HPIS1 - HPF enabled for interrupt function
00312     tempRegValue = 0;
00313     if (settings.accel.highResEnable) {
00314         tempRegValue |= (1<<7); // Set HR bit
00315         tempRegValue |= (settings.accel.highResBandwidth & 0x3) << 5;
00316     }
00317     xgWriteByte(CTRL_REG7_XL, tempRegValue);
00318 }
00319 
00320 // This is a function that uses the FIFO to accumulate sample of accelerometer and gyro data, average
00321 // them, scales them to  gs and deg/s, respectively, and then passes the biases to the main sketch
00322 // for subtraction from all subsequent data. There are no gyro and accelerometer bias registers to store
00323 // the data as there are in the ADXL345, a precursor to the LSM9DS0, or the MPU-9150, so we have to
00324 // subtract the biases ourselves. This results in a more accurate measurement in general and can
00325 // remove errors due to imprecise or varying initial placement. Calibration of sensor data in this manner
00326 // is good practice.
00327 void LSM9DS1::calibrate(bool autoCalc)
00328 {
00329     uint8_t data[6] = {0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0};
00330     uint8_t samples = 0;
00331     int ii;
00332     int32_t aBiasRawTemp[3] = {0, 0, 0};
00333     int32_t gBiasRawTemp[3] = {0, 0, 0};
00334     pc.printf("\n\rPlace IMU on level surface and do not move it for gyro and accel calibration.\n\r");
00335     wait(1);
00336     // Turn on FIFO and set threshold to 32 samples
00337     enableFIFO(true);
00338     setFIFO(FIFO_THS, 0x1F);
00339     while (samples < 0x1F) {
00340         samples = (xgReadByte(FIFO_SRC) & 0x3F); // Read number of stored samples
00341     }
00342     for(ii = 0; ii < samples ; ii++) {
00343         // Read the gyro data stored in the FIFO
00344         readGyro();
00345         gBiasRawTemp[0] += gx;
00346         gBiasRawTemp[1] += gy;
00347         gBiasRawTemp[2] += gz;
00348         readAccel();
00349         aBiasRawTemp[0] += ax - (int16_t)(1./aRes);
00350         aBiasRawTemp[1] += ay;
00351         aBiasRawTemp[2] += az;
00352         //aBiasRawTemp[2] += az - (int16_t)(1./aRes); // Assumes sensor facing up!
00353     }
00354     for (ii = 0; ii < 3; ii++) {
00355         gBiasRaw[ii] = gBiasRawTemp[ii] / samples;
00356         gBias[ii] = calcGyro(gBiasRaw[ii]);
00357         aBiasRaw[ii] = aBiasRawTemp[ii] / samples;
00358         aBias[ii] = calcAccel(aBiasRaw[ii]);
00359     }
00360 
00361     enableFIFO(false);
00362     setFIFO(FIFO_OFF, 0x00);
00363 
00364     if (autoCalc) _autoCalc = true;
00365 }
00366 
00367 void LSM9DS1::calibrateMag(bool loadIn)
00368 {
00369     int i, j;
00370     int16_t magMin[3] = {0, 0, 0};
00371     int16_t magMax[3] = {0, 0, 0}; // The road warrior
00372     pc.printf("\n\n\r Rotate IMU device at least 360 in horizontal plane for magnetometer calibration\n\r");
00373     wait(0.5);
00374     for (i=0; i<1000; i++) {
00375         while (!magAvailable(ALL_AXIS));
00376         readMag();
00377         int16_t magTemp[3] = {0, 0, 0};
00378         magTemp[0] = mx;
00379         magTemp[1] = my;
00380         magTemp[2] = mz;
00381         for (j = 0; j < 3; j++) {
00382             if (magTemp[j] > magMax[j]) magMax[j] = magTemp[j];
00383             if (magTemp[j] < magMin[j]) magMin[j] = magTemp[j];
00384         }
00385     }
00386     for (j = 0; j < 3; j++) {
00387         mBiasRaw[j] = (magMax[j] + magMin[j]) / 2;
00388         mBias[j] = calcMag(mBiasRaw[j]);
00389         pc.printf("%f  ",mBias[j]);
00390         if (loadIn)
00391             magOffset(j, mBiasRaw[j]);
00392     }
00393     pc.printf("\n\rMAG calibration done\n\r");
00394 }
00395 void LSM9DS1::magOffset(uint8_t axis, int16_t offset)
00396 {
00397     if (axis > 2)
00398         return;
00399     uint8_t msb, lsb;
00400     msb = (offset & 0xFF00) >> 8;
00401     lsb = offset & 0x00FF;
00402     mWriteByte(OFFSET_X_REG_L_M + (2 * axis), lsb);
00403     mWriteByte(OFFSET_X_REG_H_M + (2 * axis), msb);
00404 }
00405 
00406 void LSM9DS1::initMag()
00407 {
00408     uint8_t tempRegValue = 0;
00409 
00410     // CTRL_REG1_M (Default value: 0x10)
00411     // [TEMP_COMP][OM1][OM0][DO2][DO1][DO0][0][ST]
00412     // TEMP_COMP - Temperature compensation
00413     // OM[1:0] - X & Y axes op mode selection
00414     //  00:low-power, 01:medium performance
00415     //  10: high performance, 11:ultra-high performance
00416     // DO[2:0] - Output data rate selection
00417     // ST - Self-test enable
00418     if (settings.mag.tempCompensationEnable) tempRegValue |= (1<<7);
00419     tempRegValue |= (settings.mag.XYPerformance & 0x3) << 5;
00420     tempRegValue |= (settings.mag.sampleRate & 0x7) << 2;
00421     mWriteByte(CTRL_REG1_M, tempRegValue);
00422 
00423     // CTRL_REG2_M (Default value 0x00)
00424     // [0][FS1][FS0][0][REBOOT][SOFT_RST][0][0]
00425     // FS[1:0] - Full-scale configuration
00426     // REBOOT - Reboot memory content (0:normal, 1:reboot)
00427     // SOFT_RST - Reset config and user registers (0:default, 1:reset)
00428     tempRegValue = 0;
00429     switch (settings.mag.scale) {
00430         case 8:
00431             tempRegValue |= (0x1 << 5);
00432             break;
00433         case 12:
00434             tempRegValue |= (0x2 << 5);
00435             break;
00436         case 16:
00437             tempRegValue |= (0x3 << 5);
00438             break;
00439             // Otherwise we'll default to 4 gauss (00)
00440     }
00441     mWriteByte(CTRL_REG2_M, tempRegValue); // +/-4Gauss
00442 
00443     // CTRL_REG3_M (Default value: 0x03)
00444     // [I2C_DISABLE][0][LP][0][0][SIM][MD1][MD0]
00445     // I2C_DISABLE - Disable I2C interace (0:enable, 1:disable)
00446     // LP - Low-power mode cofiguration (1:enable)
00447     // SIM - SPI mode selection (0:write-only, 1:read/write enable)
00448     // MD[1:0] - Operating mode
00449     //  00:continuous conversion, 01:single-conversion,
00450     //  10,11: Power-down
00451     tempRegValue = 0;
00452     if (settings.mag.lowPowerEnable) tempRegValue |= (1<<5);
00453     tempRegValue |= (settings.mag.operatingMode & 0x3);
00454     mWriteByte(CTRL_REG3_M, tempRegValue); // Continuous conversion mode
00455 
00456     // CTRL_REG4_M (Default value: 0x00)
00457     // [0][0][0][0][OMZ1][OMZ0][BLE][0]
00458     // OMZ[1:0] - Z-axis operative mode selection
00459     //  00:low-power mode, 01:medium performance
00460     //  10:high performance, 10:ultra-high performance
00461     // BLE - Big/little endian data
00462     tempRegValue = 0;
00463     tempRegValue = (settings.mag.ZPerformance & 0x3) << 2;
00464     mWriteByte(CTRL_REG4_M, tempRegValue);
00465 
00466     // CTRL_REG5_M (Default value: 0x00)
00467     // [0][BDU][0][0][0][0][0][0]
00468     // BDU - Block data update for magnetic data
00469     //  0:continuous, 1:not updated until MSB/LSB are read
00470     tempRegValue = 0;
00471     mWriteByte(CTRL_REG5_M, tempRegValue);
00472 }
00473 
00474 uint8_t LSM9DS1::accelAvailable()
00475 {
00476     uint8_t status = xgReadByte(STATUS_REG_1);
00477 
00478     return (status & (1<<0));
00479 }
00480 
00481 uint8_t LSM9DS1::gyroAvailable()
00482 {
00483     uint8_t status = xgReadByte(STATUS_REG_1);
00484 
00485     return ((status & (1<<1)) >> 1);
00486 }
00487 
00488 uint8_t LSM9DS1::tempAvailable()
00489 {
00490     uint8_t status = xgReadByte(STATUS_REG_1);
00491 
00492     return ((status & (1<<2)) >> 2);
00493 }
00494 
00495 uint8_t LSM9DS1::magAvailable(lsm9ds1_axis axis)
00496 {
00497     uint8_t status;
00498     status = mReadByte(STATUS_REG_M);
00499 
00500     return ((status & (1<<axis)) >> axis);
00501 }
00502 
00503 void LSM9DS1::readAccel()
00504 {
00505     uint8_t temp[6]; // We'll read six bytes from the accelerometer into temp
00506     xgReadBytes(OUT_X_L_XL, temp, 6); // Read 6 bytes, beginning at OUT_X_L_XL
00507     ax = (temp[1] << 8) | temp[0]; // Store x-axis values into ax
00508     ay = (temp[3] << 8) | temp[2]; // Store y-axis values into ay
00509     az = (temp[5] << 8) | temp[4]; // Store z-axis values into az
00510     if (_autoCalc) {
00511         ax -= aBiasRaw[X_AXIS];
00512         ay -= aBiasRaw[Y_AXIS];
00513         az -= aBiasRaw[Z_AXIS];
00514     }
00515 }
00516 
00517 int16_t LSM9DS1::readAccel(lsm9ds1_axis axis)
00518 {
00519     uint8_t temp[2];
00520     int16_t value;
00521     xgReadBytes(OUT_X_L_XL + (2 * axis), temp, 2);
00522     value = (temp[1] << 8) | temp[0];
00523 
00524     if (_autoCalc)
00525         value -= aBiasRaw[axis];
00526 
00527     return value;
00528 }
00529 
00530 void LSM9DS1::readMag()
00531 {
00532     uint8_t temp[6]; // We'll read six bytes from the mag into temp
00533     mReadBytes(OUT_X_L_M, temp, 6); // Read 6 bytes, beginning at OUT_X_L_M
00534     mx = (temp[1] << 8) | temp[0]; // Store x-axis values into mx
00535     my = (temp[3] << 8) | temp[2]; // Store y-axis values into my
00536     mz = (temp[5] << 8) | temp[4]; // Store z-axis values into mz
00537     mx = mx - mBiasRaw[0];
00538     my = my - mBiasRaw[1];
00539     mz = mz - mBiasRaw[2];
00540 }
00541 
00542 int16_t LSM9DS1::readMag(lsm9ds1_axis axis)
00543 {
00544     uint8_t temp[2];
00545     mReadBytes(OUT_X_L_M + (2 * axis), temp, 2);
00546     return (temp[1] << 8) | temp[0];
00547 }
00548 
00549 void LSM9DS1::readTemp()
00550 {
00551     uint8_t temp[2]; // We'll read two bytes from the temperature sensor into temp
00552     xgReadBytes(OUT_TEMP_L, temp, 2); // Read 2 bytes, beginning at OUT_TEMP_L
00553     temperature = (int16_t)((temp[1] << 8) | temp[0]);
00554 }
00555 
00556 void LSM9DS1::readGyro()
00557 {
00558     uint8_t temp[6]; // We'll read six bytes from the gyro into temp
00559     xgReadBytes(OUT_X_L_G, temp, 6); // Read 6 bytes, beginning at OUT_X_L_G
00560     gx = (temp[1] << 8) | temp[0]; // Store x-axis values into gx
00561     gy = (temp[3] << 8) | temp[2]; // Store y-axis values into gy
00562     gz = (temp[5] << 8) | temp[4]; // Store z-axis values into gz
00563     if (_autoCalc) {
00564         gx -= gBiasRaw[X_AXIS];
00565         gy -= gBiasRaw[Y_AXIS];
00566         gz -= gBiasRaw[Z_AXIS];
00567     }
00568 }
00569 
00570 int16_t LSM9DS1::readGyro(lsm9ds1_axis axis)
00571 {
00572     uint8_t temp[2];
00573     int16_t value;
00574 
00575     xgReadBytes(OUT_X_L_G + (2 * axis), temp, 2);
00576 
00577     value = (temp[1] << 8) | temp[0];
00578 
00579     if (_autoCalc)
00580         value -= gBiasRaw[axis];
00581 
00582     return value;
00583 }
00584 
00585 float LSM9DS1::calcGyro(int16_t gyro)
00586 {
00587     // Return the gyro raw reading times our pre-calculated DPS / (ADC tick):
00588     return gRes * gyro;
00589 }
00590 
00591 float LSM9DS1::calcAccel(int16_t accel)
00592 {
00593     // Return the accel raw reading times our pre-calculated g's / (ADC tick):
00594     return aRes * accel;
00595 }
00596 
00597 float LSM9DS1::calcMag(int16_t mag)
00598 {
00599     // Return the mag raw reading times our pre-calculated Gs / (ADC tick):
00600     return mRes * mag;
00601 }
00602 
00603 void LSM9DS1::setGyroScale(uint16_t gScl)
00604 {
00605     // Read current value of CTRL_REG1_G:
00606     uint8_t ctrl1RegValue = xgReadByte(CTRL_REG1_G);
00607     // Mask out scale bits (3 & 4):
00608     ctrl1RegValue &= 0xE7;
00609     switch (gScl) {
00610         case 500:
00611             ctrl1RegValue |= (0x1 << 3);
00612             settings.gyro.scale = 500;
00613             break;
00614         case 2000:
00615             ctrl1RegValue |= (0x3 << 3);
00616             settings.gyro.scale = 2000;
00617             break;
00618         default: // Otherwise we'll set it to 245 dps (0x0 << 4)
00619             settings.gyro.scale = 245;
00620             break;
00621     }
00622     xgWriteByte(CTRL_REG1_G, ctrl1RegValue);
00623 
00624     calcgRes();
00625 }
00626 
00627 void LSM9DS1::setAccelScale(uint8_t aScl)
00628 {
00629     // We need to preserve the other bytes in CTRL_REG6_XL. So, first read it:
00630     uint8_t tempRegValue = xgReadByte(CTRL_REG6_XL);
00631     // Mask out accel scale bits:
00632     tempRegValue &= 0xE7;
00633 
00634     switch (aScl) {
00635         case 4:
00636             tempRegValue |= (0x2 << 3);
00637             settings.accel.scale = 4;
00638             break;
00639         case 8:
00640             tempRegValue |= (0x3 << 3);
00641             settings.accel.scale = 8;
00642             break;
00643         case 16:
00644             tempRegValue |= (0x1 << 3);
00645             settings.accel.scale = 16;
00646             break;
00647         default: // Otherwise it'll be set to 2g (0x0 << 3)
00648             settings.accel.scale = 2;
00649             break;
00650     }
00651     xgWriteByte(CTRL_REG6_XL, tempRegValue);
00652 
00653     // Then calculate a new aRes, which relies on aScale being set correctly:
00654     calcaRes();
00655 }
00656 
00657 void LSM9DS1::setMagScale(uint8_t mScl)
00658 {
00659     // We need to preserve the other bytes in CTRL_REG6_XM. So, first read it:
00660     uint8_t temp = mReadByte(CTRL_REG2_M);
00661     // Then mask out the mag scale bits:
00662     temp &= 0xFF^(0x3 << 5);
00663 
00664     switch (mScl) {
00665         case 8:
00666             temp |= (0x1 << 5);
00667             settings.mag.scale = 8;
00668             break;
00669         case 12:
00670             temp |= (0x2 << 5);
00671             settings.mag.scale = 12;
00672             break;
00673         case 16:
00674             temp |= (0x3 << 5);
00675             settings.mag.scale = 16;
00676             break;
00677         default: // Otherwise we'll default to 4 gauss (00)
00678             settings.mag.scale = 4;
00679             break;
00680     }
00681 
00682     // And write the new register value back into CTRL_REG6_XM:
00683     mWriteByte(CTRL_REG2_M, temp);
00684 
00685     // We've updated the sensor, but we also need to update our class variables
00686     // First update mScale:
00687     //mScale = mScl;
00688     // Then calculate a new mRes, which relies on mScale being set correctly:
00689     calcmRes();
00690 }
00691 
00692 void LSM9DS1::setGyroODR(uint8_t gRate)
00693 {
00694     // Only do this if gRate is not 0 (which would disable the gyro)
00695     if ((gRate & 0x07) != 0) {
00696         // We need to preserve the other bytes in CTRL_REG1_G. So, first read it:
00697         uint8_t temp = xgReadByte(CTRL_REG1_G);
00698         // Then mask out the gyro ODR bits:
00699         temp &= 0xFF^(0x7 << 5);
00700         temp |= (gRate & 0x07) << 5;
00701         // Update our settings struct
00702         settings.gyro.sampleRate = gRate & 0x07;
00703         // And write the new register value back into CTRL_REG1_G:
00704         xgWriteByte(CTRL_REG1_G, temp);
00705     }
00706 }
00707 
00708 void LSM9DS1::setAccelODR(uint8_t aRate)
00709 {
00710     // Only do this if aRate is not 0 (which would disable the accel)
00711     if ((aRate & 0x07) != 0) {
00712         // We need to preserve the other bytes in CTRL_REG1_XM. So, first read it:
00713         uint8_t temp = xgReadByte(CTRL_REG6_XL);
00714         // Then mask out the accel ODR bits:
00715         temp &= 0x1F;
00716         // Then shift in our new ODR bits:
00717         temp |= ((aRate & 0x07) << 5);
00718         settings.accel.sampleRate = aRate & 0x07;
00719         // And write the new register value back into CTRL_REG1_XM:
00720         xgWriteByte(CTRL_REG6_XL, temp);
00721     }
00722 }
00723 
00724 void LSM9DS1::setMagODR(uint8_t mRate)
00725 {
00726     // We need to preserve the other bytes in CTRL_REG5_XM. So, first read it:
00727     uint8_t temp = mReadByte(CTRL_REG1_M);
00728     // Then mask out the mag ODR bits:
00729     temp &= 0xFF^(0x7 << 2);
00730     // Then shift in our new ODR bits:
00731     temp |= ((mRate & 0x07) << 2);
00732     settings.mag.sampleRate = mRate & 0x07;
00733     // And write the new register value back into CTRL_REG5_XM:
00734     mWriteByte(CTRL_REG1_M, temp);
00735 }
00736 
00737 void LSM9DS1::calcgRes()
00738 {
00739     gRes = ((float) settings.gyro.scale) / 32768.0;
00740 }
00741 
00742 void LSM9DS1::calcaRes()
00743 {
00744     aRes = ((float) settings.accel.scale) / 32768.0;
00745 }
00746 
00747 void LSM9DS1::calcmRes()
00748 {
00749     //mRes = ((float) settings.mag.scale) / 32768.0;
00750     switch (settings.mag.scale) {
00751         case 4:
00752             mRes = magSensitivity[0];
00753             break;
00754         case 8:
00755             mRes = magSensitivity[1];
00756             break;
00757         case 12:
00758             mRes = magSensitivity[2];
00759             break;
00760         case 16:
00761             mRes = magSensitivity[3];
00762             break;
00763     }
00764 
00765 }
00766 
00767 void LSM9DS1::configInt(interrupt_select interrupt, uint8_t generator,
00768                         h_lactive activeLow, pp_od pushPull)
00769 {
00770     // Write to INT1_CTRL or INT2_CTRL. [interupt] should already be one of
00771     // those two values.
00772     // [generator] should be an OR'd list of values from the interrupt_generators enum
00773     xgWriteByte(interrupt, generator);
00774 
00775     // Configure CTRL_REG8
00776     uint8_t temp;
00777     temp = xgReadByte(CTRL_REG8);
00778 
00779     if (activeLow) temp |= (1<<5);
00780     else temp &= ~(1<<5);
00781 
00782     if (pushPull) temp &= ~(1<<4);
00783     else temp |= (1<<4);
00784 
00785     xgWriteByte(CTRL_REG8, temp);
00786 }
00787 
00788 void LSM9DS1::configInactivity(uint8_t duration, uint8_t threshold, bool sleepOn)
00789 {
00790     uint8_t temp = 0;
00791 
00792     temp = threshold & 0x7F;
00793     if (sleepOn) temp |= (1<<7);
00794     xgWriteByte(ACT_THS, temp);
00795 
00796     xgWriteByte(ACT_DUR, duration);
00797 }
00798 
00799 uint8_t LSM9DS1::getInactivity()
00800 {
00801     uint8_t temp = xgReadByte(STATUS_REG_0);
00802     temp &= (0x10);
00803     return temp;
00804 }
00805 
00806 void LSM9DS1::configAccelInt(uint8_t generator, bool andInterrupts)
00807 {
00808     // Use variables from accel_interrupt_generator, OR'd together to create
00809     // the [generator]value.
00810     uint8_t temp = generator;
00811     if (andInterrupts) temp |= 0x80;
00812     xgWriteByte(INT_GEN_CFG_XL, temp);
00813 }
00814 
00815 void LSM9DS1::configAccelThs(uint8_t threshold, lsm9ds1_axis axis, uint8_t duration, bool wait)
00816 {
00817     // Write threshold value to INT_GEN_THS_?_XL.
00818     // axis will be 0, 1, or 2 (x, y, z respectively)
00819     xgWriteByte(INT_GEN_THS_X_XL + axis, threshold);
00820 
00821     // Write duration and wait to INT_GEN_DUR_XL
00822     uint8_t temp;
00823     temp = (duration & 0x7F);
00824     if (wait) temp |= 0x80;
00825     xgWriteByte(INT_GEN_DUR_XL, temp);
00826 }
00827 
00828 uint8_t LSM9DS1::getAccelIntSrc()
00829 {
00830     uint8_t intSrc = xgReadByte(INT_GEN_SRC_XL);
00831 
00832     // Check if the IA_XL (interrupt active) bit is set
00833     if (intSrc & (1<<6)) {
00834         return (intSrc & 0x3F);
00835     }
00836 
00837     return 0;
00838 }
00839 
00840 void LSM9DS1::configGyroInt(uint8_t generator, bool aoi, bool latch)
00841 {
00842     // Use variables from accel_interrupt_generator, OR'd together to create
00843     // the [generator]value.
00844     uint8_t temp = generator;
00845     if (aoi) temp |= 0x80;
00846     if (latch) temp |= 0x40;
00847     xgWriteByte(INT_GEN_CFG_G, temp);
00848 }
00849 
00850 void LSM9DS1::configGyroThs(int16_t threshold, lsm9ds1_axis axis, uint8_t duration, bool wait)
00851 {
00852     uint8_t buffer[2];
00853     buffer[0] = (threshold & 0x7F00) >> 8;
00854     buffer[1] = (threshold & 0x00FF);
00855     // Write threshold value to INT_GEN_THS_?H_G and  INT_GEN_THS_?L_G.
00856     // axis will be 0, 1, or 2 (x, y, z respectively)
00857     xgWriteByte(INT_GEN_THS_XH_G + (axis * 2), buffer[0]);
00858     xgWriteByte(INT_GEN_THS_XH_G + 1 + (axis * 2), buffer[1]);
00859 
00860     // Write duration and wait to INT_GEN_DUR_XL
00861     uint8_t temp;
00862     temp = (duration & 0x7F);
00863     if (wait) temp |= 0x80;
00864     xgWriteByte(INT_GEN_DUR_G, temp);
00865 }
00866 
00867 uint8_t LSM9DS1::getGyroIntSrc()
00868 {
00869     uint8_t intSrc = xgReadByte(INT_GEN_SRC_G);
00870 
00871     // Check if the IA_G (interrupt active) bit is set
00872     if (intSrc & (1<<6)) {
00873         return (intSrc & 0x3F);
00874     }
00875 
00876     return 0;
00877 }
00878 
00879 void LSM9DS1::configMagInt(uint8_t generator, h_lactive activeLow, bool latch)
00880 {
00881     // Mask out non-generator bits (0-4)
00882     uint8_t config = (generator & 0xE0);
00883     // IEA bit is 0 for active-low, 1 for active-high.
00884     if (activeLow == INT_ACTIVE_HIGH) config |= (1<<2);
00885     // IEL bit is 0 for latched, 1 for not-latched
00886     if (!latch) config |= (1<<1);
00887     // As long as we have at least 1 generator, enable the interrupt
00888     if (generator != 0) config |= (1<<0);
00889 
00890     mWriteByte(INT_CFG_M, config);
00891 }
00892 
00893 void LSM9DS1::configMagThs(uint16_t threshold)
00894 {
00895     // Write high eight bits of [threshold] to INT_THS_H_M
00896     mWriteByte(INT_THS_H_M, uint8_t((threshold & 0x7F00) >> 8));
00897     // Write low eight bits of [threshold] to INT_THS_L_M
00898     mWriteByte(INT_THS_L_M, uint8_t(threshold & 0x00FF));
00899 }
00900 
00901 uint8_t LSM9DS1::getMagIntSrc()
00902 {
00903     uint8_t intSrc = mReadByte(INT_SRC_M);
00904 
00905     // Check if the INT (interrupt active) bit is set
00906     if (intSrc & (1<<0)) {
00907         return (intSrc & 0xFE);
00908     }
00909 
00910     return 0;
00911 }
00912 
00913 void LSM9DS1::sleepGyro(bool enable)
00914 {
00915     uint8_t temp = xgReadByte(CTRL_REG9);
00916     if (enable) temp |= (1<<6);
00917     else temp &= ~(1<<6);
00918     xgWriteByte(CTRL_REG9, temp);
00919 }
00920 
00921 void LSM9DS1::enableFIFO(bool enable)
00922 {
00923     uint8_t temp = xgReadByte(CTRL_REG9);
00924     if (enable) temp |= (1<<1);
00925     else temp &= ~(1<<1);
00926     xgWriteByte(CTRL_REG9, temp);
00927 }
00928 
00929 void LSM9DS1::setFIFO(fifoMode_type fifoMode, uint8_t fifoThs)
00930 {
00931     // Limit threshold - 0x1F (31) is the maximum. If more than that was asked
00932     // limit it to the maximum.
00933     uint8_t threshold = fifoThs <= 0x1F ? fifoThs : 0x1F;
00934     xgWriteByte(FIFO_CTRL, ((fifoMode & 0x7) << 5) | (threshold & 0x1F));
00935 }
00936 
00937 uint8_t LSM9DS1::getFIFOSamples()
00938 {
00939     return (xgReadByte(FIFO_SRC) & 0x3F);
00940 }
00941 
00942 void LSM9DS1::constrainScales()
00943 {
00944     if ((settings.gyro.scale != 245) && (settings.gyro.scale != 500) &&
00945             (settings.gyro.scale != 2000)) {
00946         settings.gyro.scale = 245;
00947     }
00948 
00949     if ((settings.accel.scale != 2) && (settings.accel.scale != 4) &&
00950             (settings.accel.scale != 8) && (settings.accel.scale != 16)) {
00951         settings.accel.scale = 2;
00952     }
00953 
00954     if ((settings.mag.scale != 4) && (settings.mag.scale != 8) &&
00955             (settings.mag.scale != 12) && (settings.mag.scale != 16)) {
00956         settings.mag.scale = 4;
00957     }
00958 }
00959 
00960 void LSM9DS1::xgWriteByte(uint8_t subAddress, uint8_t data)
00961 {
00962     // Whether we're using I2C or SPI, write a byte using the
00963     // gyro-specific I2C address or SPI CS pin.
00964     if (settings.device.commInterface == IMU_MODE_I2C) {
00965         pc.printf("yo");
00966         I2CwriteByte(_xgAddress, subAddress, data);
00967     } else if (settings.device.commInterface == IMU_MODE_SPI) {
00968         SPIwriteByte(_xgAddress, subAddress, data);
00969     }
00970 }
00971 
00972 void LSM9DS1::mWriteByte(uint8_t subAddress, uint8_t data)
00973 {
00974     // Whether we're using I2C or SPI, write a byte using the
00975     // accelerometer-specific I2C address or SPI CS pin.
00976     if (settings.device.commInterface == IMU_MODE_I2C) {
00977         pc.printf("mo");
00978         return I2CwriteByte(_mAddress, subAddress, data);
00979     } else if (settings.device.commInterface == IMU_MODE_SPI)
00980         return SPIwriteByte(_mAddress, subAddress, data);
00981 }
00982 
00983 uint8_t LSM9DS1::xgReadByte(uint8_t subAddress)
00984 {
00985     // Whether we're using I2C or SPI, read a byte using the
00986     // gyro-specific I2C address or SPI CS pin.
00987     if (settings.device.commInterface == IMU_MODE_I2C)
00988         return I2CreadByte(_xgAddress, subAddress);
00989     else if (settings.device.commInterface == IMU_MODE_SPI)
00990         return SPIreadByte(_xgAddress, subAddress);
00991 }
00992 
00993 void LSM9DS1::xgReadBytes(uint8_t subAddress, uint8_t * dest, uint8_t count)
00994 {
00995     // Whether we're using I2C or SPI, read multiple bytes using the
00996     // gyro-specific I2C address or SPI CS pin.
00997     if (settings.device.commInterface == IMU_MODE_I2C) {
00998         I2CreadBytes(_xgAddress, subAddress, dest, count);
00999     } else if (settings.device.commInterface == IMU_MODE_SPI) {
01000         SPIreadBytes(_xgAddress, subAddress, dest, count);
01001     }
01002 }
01003 
01004 uint8_t LSM9DS1::mReadByte(uint8_t subAddress)
01005 {
01006     // Whether we're using I2C or SPI, read a byte using the
01007     // accelerometer-specific I2C address or SPI CS pin.
01008     if (settings.device.commInterface == IMU_MODE_I2C)
01009         return I2CreadByte(_mAddress, subAddress);
01010     else if (settings.device.commInterface == IMU_MODE_SPI)
01011         return SPIreadByte(_mAddress, subAddress);
01012 }
01013 
01014 void LSM9DS1::mReadBytes(uint8_t subAddress, uint8_t * dest, uint8_t count)
01015 {
01016     // Whether we're using I2C or SPI, read multiple bytes using the
01017     // accelerometer-specific I2C address or SPI CS pin.
01018     if (settings.device.commInterface == IMU_MODE_I2C)
01019         I2CreadBytes(_mAddress, subAddress, dest, count);
01020     else if (settings.device.commInterface == IMU_MODE_SPI)
01021         SPIreadBytes(_mAddress, subAddress, dest, count);
01022 }
01023 
01024 void LSM9DS1::initSPI()
01025 {
01026     /*
01027     pinMode(_xgAddress, OUTPUT);
01028     digitalWrite(_xgAddress, HIGH);
01029     pinMode(_mAddress, OUTPUT);
01030     digitalWrite(_mAddress, HIGH);
01031 
01032     SPI.begin();
01033     // Maximum SPI frequency is 10MHz, could divide by 2 here:
01034     SPI.setClockDivider(SPI_CLOCK_DIV2);
01035     // Data is read and written MSb first.
01036     SPI.setBitOrder(MSBFIRST);
01037     // Data is captured on rising edge of clock (CPHA = 0)
01038     // Base value of the clock is HIGH (CPOL = 1)
01039     SPI.setDataMode(SPI_MODE0);
01040     */
01041 }
01042 
01043 void LSM9DS1::SPIwriteByte(uint8_t csPin, uint8_t subAddress, uint8_t data)
01044 {
01045     /*
01046     digitalWrite(csPin, LOW); // Initiate communication
01047 
01048     // If write, bit 0 (MSB) should be 0
01049     // If single write, bit 1 should be 0
01050     SPI.transfer(subAddress & 0x3F); // Send Address
01051     SPI.transfer(data); // Send data
01052 
01053     digitalWrite(csPin, HIGH); // Close communication
01054     */
01055 }
01056 
01057 uint8_t LSM9DS1::SPIreadByte(uint8_t csPin, uint8_t subAddress)
01058 {
01059     uint8_t temp;
01060     // Use the multiple read function to read 1 byte.
01061     // Value is returned to `temp`.
01062     SPIreadBytes(csPin, subAddress, &temp, 1);
01063     return temp;
01064 }
01065 
01066 void LSM9DS1::SPIreadBytes(uint8_t csPin, uint8_t subAddress,
01067                            uint8_t * dest, uint8_t count)
01068 {
01069     // To indicate a read, set bit 0 (msb) of first byte to 1
01070     uint8_t rAddress = 0x80 | (subAddress & 0x3F);
01071     // Mag SPI port is different. If we're reading multiple bytes,
01072     // set bit 1 to 1. The remaining six bytes are the address to be read
01073     if ((csPin == _mAddress) && count > 1)
01074         rAddress |= 0x40;
01075 
01076     /*
01077     digitalWrite(csPin, LOW); // Initiate communication
01078     SPI.transfer(rAddress);
01079     for (int i=0; i<count; i++)
01080     {
01081         dest[i] = SPI.transfer(0x00); // Read into destination array
01082     }
01083     digitalWrite(csPin, HIGH); // Close communication
01084     */
01085 }
01086 
01087 void LSM9DS1::initI2C()
01088 {
01089     /*
01090     Wire.begin();   // Initialize I2C library
01091     */
01092 
01093     //already initialized in constructor!
01094 }
01095 
01096 // Wire.h read and write protocols
01097 void LSM9DS1::I2CwriteByte(uint8_t address, uint8_t subAddress, uint8_t data)
01098 {
01099     /*
01100     Wire.beginTransmission(address);  // Initialize the Tx buffer
01101     Wire.write(subAddress);           // Put slave register address in Tx buffer
01102     Wire.write(data);                 // Put data in Tx buffer
01103     Wire.endTransmission();           // Send the Tx buffer
01104     */
01105     char temp_data[2] = {subAddress, data};
01106     i2c.write(address, temp_data, 2);
01107 }
01108 
01109 uint8_t LSM9DS1::I2CreadByte(uint8_t address, uint8_t subAddress)
01110 {
01111     /*
01112     int timeout = LSM9DS1_COMMUNICATION_TIMEOUT;
01113     uint8_t data; // `data` will store the register data
01114 
01115     Wire.beginTransmission(address);         // Initialize the Tx buffer
01116     Wire.write(subAddress);                  // Put slave register address in Tx buffer
01117     Wire.endTransmission(true);             // Send the Tx buffer, but send a restart to keep connection alive
01118     Wire.requestFrom(address, (uint8_t) 1);  // Read one byte from slave register address
01119     while ((Wire.available() < 1) && (timeout-- > 0))
01120         delay(1);
01121 
01122     if (timeout <= 0)
01123         return 255; //! Bad! 255 will be misinterpreted as a good value.
01124 
01125     data = Wire.read();                      // Fill Rx buffer with result
01126     return data;                             // Return data read from slave register
01127     */
01128     char data;
01129     char temp[2] = {subAddress};
01130 
01131     i2c.write(address, temp, 1);
01132     //i2c.write(address & 0xFE);
01133     temp[1] = 0x00;
01134     i2c.write(address, temp, 1);
01135     //i2c.write( address | 0x01);
01136     int a = i2c.read(address, &data, 1);
01137     return data;
01138 }
01139 
01140 uint8_t LSM9DS1::I2CreadBytes(uint8_t address, uint8_t subAddress, uint8_t * dest, uint8_t count)
01141 {
01142     /*
01143     int timeout = LSM9DS1_COMMUNICATION_TIMEOUT;
01144     Wire.beginTransmission(address);   // Initialize the Tx buffer
01145     // Next send the register to be read. OR with 0x80 to indicate multi-read.
01146     Wire.write(subAddress | 0x80);     // Put slave register address in Tx buffer
01147 
01148     Wire.endTransmission(true);             // Send the Tx buffer, but send a restart to keep connection alive
01149     uint8_t i = 0;
01150     Wire.requestFrom(address, count);  // Read bytes from slave register address
01151     while ((Wire.available() < count) && (timeout-- > 0))
01152         delay(1);
01153     if (timeout <= 0)
01154         return -1;
01155 
01156     for (int i=0; i<count;)
01157     {
01158         if (Wire.available())
01159         {
01160             dest[i++] = Wire.read();
01161         }
01162     }
01163     return count;
01164     */
01165     int i;
01166     char temp_dest[count];
01167     char temp[1] = {subAddress};
01168     i2c.write(address, temp, 1);
01169     i2c.read(address, temp_dest, count);
01170 
01171     //i2c doesn't take uint8_ts, but rather chars so do this nasty af conversion
01172     for (i=0; i < count; i++) {
01173         dest[i] = temp_dest[i];
01174     }
01175     return count;
01176 }