mbed Hello World¶

Riješite sljedećih nekoliko zadataka s ciljem upoznavanja s mbed razvojnom platformom NXP LPC1768:

1. Pročitajte uvodni dio o mbed LPC1768 mikroupravljaču. Provjerite da li je na vašem primjerku instaliran najnoviji firmware. Ako nije, instalirajte ga koristeći ove upute. Pokrenite Hello World program.
2. Modificirajte program tako da blinkaju ostale 3 LED-ice.
3. Modificirajte program tako da blinkaju 2 ili više LED-ica (gotovo) istovremeno.
4. Modificirajte program tako da LED1 blinka 4 sekunde, nakon čega se LED1 isključuje, a počinje blinkati LED2 u trajanju od 4 sekunde. Zatim se isključuje LED2 i ciklus kreće ispočetka s LED1. Koristite while i for petlje u ovom zadatku.
5. Deklarirajte i inicijalizirajte dvije konstantne realne varijable ukupnoVrijeme i vrijemeBlinka koje će određivati ukupna vremena blinkanja pojedinih LED-ica iz prethodnog zadatka, kao i trajanje pojedinog blinka.
6. Pregledajte dokumentaciju klase DigitalOut. Uključite ili isključite bilo koju LED-icu koristeći funkciju write kao pripadnicu klase DigitalOut. Objasnite ulogu operator= u dokumentaciji klase.

U sljedeće dvije vježbe spojit ćete LED-ice na dva načina i usporedit ćete dva različita moda rada digitalnih izlaza.

Standardni digitalni izlazi s vanjskim LED-icama¶

Spojite komponente na prototipnu pločicu prema sljedećoj shemi spajanja:

Proučite sljedeći programski kôd:

#include "mbed.h"

DigitalOut green(p5);
DigitalOut red(p6);

int main() {
    while(true) {
        green = 1;
        red = 0;
        wait(0.5);
        green = 0;
        red = 1;
        wait(0.5);
    }
}

Primijetite da su digitalni izlazi (p5 i p6) deklarirani pomoću klase DigitalOut, koja (još) nema podršku za postavljanje izlaznog moda. Pretpostavljeni (default) mod je standardni, u kojem je izlazni pin izvor (struja teče iz pina, odnosno unutarnjeg izvora, prema trošilu).

Pokrenite program. Trebali biste vidjeti naizmjenično blinkanje zelene i crvene LED-ice svakih pola sekunde.

Digitalni izlazi u modu otvorenog odvoda (open drain mode)¶

Spojite komponente na prototipnu pločicu prema sljedećoj shemi spajanja:

Proučite sljedeći programski kôd:

#include "mbed.h"

DigitalInOut green(p22, PIN_OUTPUT, OpenDrain, 1); // prvi nacin konfiguracije digitalnog izlaza
DigitalInOut red(p21); // drugi nacin konfiguracije digitalnog izlaza

int main() {
    red.output(); // prvi dodatak za drugi nacin konfiguracije digitalnog izlaza
    red.mode(OpenDrain);  // drugi dodatak za drugi nacin konfiguracije digitalnog izlaza
    red = 1; // iskljuci crvenu LED-icu (inverzna logika)
    while(true) {
        green = 1;
        red = 0;
        wait(0.5);
        green = 0;
        red = 1;
        wait(0.5);
    }
}

Na ovaj su način digitalni izlazi konfigurirani u modu otvorenog odvoda (open drain mode). Klasa koja se koristi u ovu svrhu je DigitalInOut, budući da klasa DigitalOut (još) nema podršku za postavljanje moda digitalnog izlaza. Klasa DigitalInOut ima dva konstruktora. Oba konstruktora su korištena i komentirana u gornjem primjeru programskog kôda.

Također primijetite i inverznu logiku ove konfiguracije. Kad je izlaz postavljen u logičko stanje 1, potencijal tog pina je postavljen u visoko stanje (3,3 V). Stoga je razlika potencijala na LED-ici i otporniku jednaka 0 i LED-ica ne svijetli. Kad je izlaz postavljen u logičko stanje 0, potencijal pina povlači se na 0, razlika potencijala sada na LED-ici i otporniku postaje 3,3 V i LED-ica prosvijetli.

Digitalni ulazi¶

Add a single-pole double-throw switch to the first schematics with LEDs, as shown in the following figure:

Examine the following code:

#include "mbed.h"

DigitalOut green(p5);
DigitalOut red(p6);
DigitalIn switchInput(p10);

int main() {
    int switchState;
    while(1) {
        switchState = switchInput; // read the input state only once in the while loop
        if(switchState == 0) {
            green = 0; // green LED off
            red = 1; // flash red LED
            wait(0.5);
            red = 0;
            wait(0.5);
        } else if (switchState == 1) {
            red = 0; // red LED off
            green = 1; // flash green LED
            wait(0.5);
            green = 0;
            wait(0.5);
        } else {
            // this case should not happen
            red = 1;
            green = 1;
        }
    }
}

Run the above program. You should see the red LED flashing when the switch S1 is in position #1, while the green LED is off, and vice versa when the switch is in position #3.

Now remove the wire that connects switch contact #1 with GND. Observe the behavior of the LEDs. You should see no difference comparing to the normal case. This means that the mbed input pin (p10) is connected to the GND internally, i.e. the pin is in the PullDown mode by default (we did not set the mode option at all).

Next, modify the program by setting the pin p10 into input mode PullUp. Immediately after the start of the main() function (line 8) add the following statement:

    switchInput.mode(PullUp);

Run the modified program (leave the wire unconnected). You should now notice that the green LED flashes and the red LED is always off, regardless of the switch S1 state. The input pin p10 is internally pulled up when the switch S1 is in position #1.

Next, set the pin p10 into input mode PullNone (change the line 8 appropriately). Run the program and notice that the input pin p10 is now prone to external noise, static electricity or other electrical disturbances, when the switch S1 is in the position #1. The state of the LEDs are now unpredictable.

Finally, connect back the wire you removed and observe the behavior in all modes. The functionality of the program is now restored, regardless of the input mode set. To conclude this exercise, it is important to pull the input pin up or down (internally or externally) to have a reliable digital input state.

To conclude this exercise, replace the SPDT switch in the above schematics with SPST switch (push button), according to the following two schematics, and adjust the program accordingly to do the same tasks as above.

Counting events¶

In this exercise you will modify the above program to count the number of times the switch S1 has changed its state. If the count is less than 20, the green LED should be turned on and red off, and vice versa if the count is greater or equal to 20. Additionally, when the count reaches 20, wait 10 seconds after turning red LED on and reset the count to zero.

The code that solves this exercise is given below:

#include "mbed.h"
 
DigitalOut green(p5);
DigitalOut red(p6);
DigitalIn switchInput(p10);
 
int main() {
    int switchState, previousSwitchState = -1, x = 0;
    while(1) {
        switchState = switchInput; // read the input state only once in the while loop
        if (previousSwitchState == -1)  // first loop run
            previousSwitchState = switchState; // no changed state in the first loop run
        if (previousSwitchState != switchState)
            x++; // increase the count because the switch state is changed
        if(x < 20) {
            green = 1; // green LED on
            red = 0; //  red LED off
        } else {
            green = 0; // green LED off
            red = 1; //  red LED on
            wait(10);
            x = 0;
        }
        previousSwitchState = switchState; // refresh the previousSwitchState
    }
}

Analyze the code, run the program, and count how many times you need to change the switch S1 state for the red LED to turn on. You should expect this count to be 20, but in practice it will be much lower. The reason is a so called bouncing effect, which will be discussed later in the following exercises.

Optical sensors¶

Connect the components on the breadboard according to the following schematics:

Write the program that will turn mbed's LEDs (LED1 and LED2) on/off based on the states of transmissive and reflective optical sensors.

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