File content as of revision 70:c4a019e3830d:

/*
------------------------------ ADD LIBRARIES ------------------------------
*/
#include "mbed.h"           // Base library
#include "HIDScope.h"       // Scope connection to PC
#include "MODSERIAL.h"      // Serial connection to PC
#include "BiQuad.h"         // Biquad filter management
#include <vector>           // Array management
#include "FastPWM.h"        // PWM control
#include "QEI.h"            // Encoder reading
#include <Servo.h>          // Servo control

/*
------------------------------ DEFINE MBED CONNECTIONS ------------------------------
*/

// PC connections
HIDScope        scope( 6 ); // Only to visualize data, not necessary for operation
MODSERIAL pc(USBTX, USBRX); // Only to visualize data, not necessary for operation

// Buttons
InterruptIn button1(D11); // First dynamic button
InterruptIn button2(D10); // Second dynamic button
InterruptIn switch2(SW2); // Third dynamic button
InterruptIn switch3(SW3); // Failure button
DigitalIn extButton1(D2); // External servo button

// LEDs
DigitalOut led_g(LED_GREEN);
DigitalOut led_r(LED_RED);
DigitalOut led_b(LED_BLUE);

// Analog EMG inputs
AnalogIn emg1_in (A0); // Right biceps              -> x velocity
AnalogIn emg2_in (A1); // Left biceps               -> y velocity
AnalogIn emg3_in (A2); // Right tibialis anterior   -> x direction
AnalogIn emg4_in (A3); // Left tibialis anterior    -> y direction

// Analog Potmeter inputs
AnalogIn potmeter1 (A4);
AnalogIn potmeter2 (A5);

// Motor Encoder inputs
DigitalIn encA1(D9);
DigitalIn encB1(D8);
DigitalIn encA2(D13);
DigitalIn encB2(D12);

// Motor outputs
DigitalOut motor1Direction(D7);
FastPWM motor1Power(D6);
DigitalOut motor2Direction(D4);
FastPWM motor2Power(D5);

// Servo
Servo myservo(D3);

/*
------------------------------ INITIALIZE TICKERS, TIMERS & TIMEOUTS ------------------------------
*/
Ticker tickGlobal; // Set global ticker
Ticker tickLED; // LED ticker
Timer timerStateChange; // Set timer for various state changes

/*
------------------------------ INITIALIZE GLOBAL VARIABLES ------------------------------
*/

// State machine variables
enum GLOBAL_States { global_failure, global_wait, global_emg_cal, global_motor_cal, global_operation, global_demo }; // Define global states
GLOBAL_States global_curr_state = global_wait; // Initialize global state to waiting state
bool global_state_changed = true; // Enable entry functions
bool failure_mode = false; // Global failure mode flag (not used yet)
bool emg_cal_done = false; // Global EMG calibration flag
bool motor_cal_done = false; // Global motor calibration flag

// EMG Substate variables
enum EMG_States { emg_wait, emg_cal_MVC, emg_cal_rest, emg_operation }; // Define EMG substates
EMG_States emg_curr_state = emg_wait; // Initialize EMG substate variable
bool emg_state_changed = true; // Enable entry functions
bool emg_sampleNow = false; // Flag to enable EMG sampling and filtering in sampleSignals()
bool emg_calibrateNow = false; // Flag to enable EMG calibration in sampleSignals()
bool emg_MVC_cal_done = false; // Internal MVC calibration flag
bool emg_rest_cal_done = false; // Internal rest calibration flag

// Motor Substate variables
enum Motor_States { motor_encoder_set, motor_finish }; // Define motor substates
Motor_States motor_curr_state = motor_encoder_set; // Initialize motor substate variable
bool motor_state_changed = true; // Enable entry functions
bool motor_encoder_cal_done = false; // Internal encoder calibration flag

// Operation Substate variables
enum Operation_States { operation_wait, operation_movement }; // Define operation substates
Operation_States operation_curr_state = operation_wait; // Initialize operation substate variable
bool operation_state_changed = true; // Enable entry functions
bool operation_showcard = false; // Internal flag to toggle servo position
bool exit_operation = false; // State transition flag for operation exit

// Demo Substate variables
enum Demo_States { demo_wait, demo_motor_cal, demo_positioning, demo_XY }; // Define demo substates
Demo_States demo_curr_state; // Initialize demo substate variable
bool demo_state_changed = true; // Enable entry functions
bool exit_demo = false; // State transition flag for demo exit

// Button press flags (to prevent bounce)
bool button1_pressed = false;
bool button2_pressed = false;
bool switch2_pressed = false;
bool servo_button1;

// LED states
enum LED_Colors { off, red, green, blue, purple, yellow, cyan, white }; // Define possible LED colors
LED_Colors curr_led_color; // Initialize LED color variable
bool led_color_changed = true; // Enable LED entry functions

// Global constants
const double Fs = 500.0; // Sampling frequency
const double Ts = 1/Fs; // Sampling time

/*
------------------------------ LED COLOR FUNCTIONS ------------------------------
*/
// Function to set the color of the blinking LED
void set_led_color(char color)
{
    switch(color) {
        case 'o':
            curr_led_color = off;
            break;
        case 'r':
            curr_led_color = red;
            break;
        case 'b':
            curr_led_color = blue;
            break;
        case 'g':
            curr_led_color = green;
            break;
        case 'y':
            curr_led_color = yellow;
            break;
        case 'p':
            curr_led_color = purple;
            break;
        case 'c':
            curr_led_color = cyan;
            break;
        case 'w':
            curr_led_color = white;
            break;

    }
    led_color_changed = true;
}

// Function which toggles the LED output
void disp_led_color()
{
    if (led_color_changed == true) { // Turns all LEDs off
        led_color_changed = false;
        led_g = 1;
        led_b = 1;
        led_r = 1;
    }
    switch(curr_led_color) { // Toggles LEDs according to color requirement
        case off:
            break;
        case red:
            led_r = !led_r;
            break;
        case blue:
            led_b = !led_b;
            break;
        case green:
            led_g = !led_g;
            break;
        case yellow:
            led_r = !led_r;
            led_g = !led_g;
            break;
        case purple:
            led_r = !led_r;
            led_b = !led_b;
            break;
        case cyan:
            led_b = !led_b;
            led_g = !led_g;
            break;
        case white:
            led_r = !led_r;
            led_g = !led_g;
            led_b = !led_b;
            break;
    }
}

/*
------------------------------ HELPER FUNCTIONS ------------------------------
*/

// Return max value of vector
double getMax(const vector<double> &vect)
{
    double curr_max = 0.0;
    int vect_n = vect.size();
    for (int i = 0; i < vect_n; i++) {
        if (vect[i] > curr_max) {
            curr_max = vect[i];
        };
    }
    return curr_max;
}

// Return mean of vector
double getMean(const vector<double> &vect)
{
    double sum = 0.0;
    int vect_n = vect.size();
    for ( int i = 0; i < vect_n; i++ ) {
        sum += vect[i];
    }
    return sum/vect_n;
}

// Return standard deviation of vector
double getStdev(const vector<double> &vect, const double vect_mean)
{
    double sum2 = 0.0;
    int vect_n = vect.size();
    for ( int i = 0; i < vect_n; i++ ) {
        sum2 += pow( vect[i] - vect_mean, 2 );
    }
    double output = sqrt( sum2 / vect_n );
    return output;
}

// Rescale double values to certain range
double rescale(double input, double out_min, double out_max, double in_min, double in_max)
{
    double output = out_min + ((input-in_min)/(in_max-in_min))*(out_max-out_min); // Based on MATLAB rescale function
    return output;
}

/*
------------------------------ BUTTON FUNCTIONS ------------------------------
*/

// Prevent button bounce
void button1Press()
{
    button1_pressed = true;
}

// Prevent button bounce
void button2Press()
{
    button2_pressed = true;
}

// Prevent button bounce
void switch2Press()
{
    switch2_pressed = true;
}

// Set global state to failure mode
void switch3Press()
{
    global_curr_state = global_failure;
    global_state_changed = true;
}

// Toggle the servo (end effector orientation)
void changeservo()
{
    servo_button1 = extButton1.read();
    if (servo_button1 == 1) {
        myservo.SetPosition(2000);
    } else {
        myservo.SetPosition(1000);
    }
}

/*
------------------------------ EMG GLOBAL VARIABLES & CONSTANTS ------------------------------
*/

// Set global constant values for EMG reading & analysis
const double Tcal = 7.5f; // Calibration duration (s)

// Initialize variables for EMG reading & analysis of biceps signals
vector<double> emg1_cal; // Array of calibration data 
double emg1; // Raw EMG input
double emg1_env; // Filtered EMG input
double emg1_MVC; // MVC value for signal scaling
double emg1_factor; // Scale factor for MVC scaling
double emg1_rest; // Rest value for signal threshold
double emg1_th; // Signal threshold
double emg1_dir = 1.0; // Direction of EMG output (1.0 = positive, -1.0 = negative)
double emg1_out; // EMG output (normalized reference velocity with direction)

// See emg1 for documentation
vector<double> emg2_cal;
double emg2;
double emg2_env;
double emg2_MVC;
double emg2_factor;
double emg2_rest;
double emg2_th;
double emg2_dir = 1.0;
double emg2_out;

// Initialize variables for EMG reading & analysis of tibialis anterior signals
vector<double> emg3_cal; // Array of calibration data 
double emg3; // Raw EMG input
double emg3_env; // Filtered EMG input
double emg3_MVC; // MVC value for signal scaling
double emg3_factor; // Scale factor for MVC scaling
double emg3_rest; // Rest value for signal threshold
double emg3_th; // Signal threshold

// See emg3 for documentation
vector<double> emg4_cal;
double emg4;
double emg4_env;
double emg4_MVC;
double emg4_factor;
double emg4_rest;
double emg4_th;

/*
------------------------------ EMG FILTERS ------------------------------
*/

// NOTE: Every filter needs to be repeated for every EMG input signal, 4 times in total. All filters are equal for every EMG input signal.

// Notch biquad filter coefficients (iirnotch Q factor 35 @50Hz) from MATLAB:
BiQuad bq1_notch( 0.995636295063941,  -1.89829218816065,   0.995636295063941,  1, -1.89829218816065,   0.991272590127882); // b01 b11 b21 a01 a11 a21
BiQuad bq2_notch = bq1_notch;
BiQuad bq3_notch = bq1_notch;
BiQuad bq4_notch = bq1_notch;
BiQuadChain bqc1_notch;
BiQuadChain bqc2_notch;
BiQuadChain bqc3_notch;
BiQuadChain bqc4_notch;

// Highpass biquad filter coefficients (butter 4th order @10Hz cutoff) from MATLAB
// 4th order behaviour is obtained by chaining two BiQuad (2nd order) filters (H1 and H2)
BiQuad bq1_H1(0.922946103200875, -1.84589220640175,  0.922946103200875,  1,  -1.88920703055163,  0.892769008131025); // b01 b11 b21 a01 a11 a21
BiQuad bq1_H2(1,                 -2,                 1,                  1,  -1.95046575793011,  0.954143234875078); // b02 b12 b22 a02 a12 a22
BiQuad bq2_H1 = bq1_H1;
BiQuad bq2_H2 = bq1_H2;
BiQuad bq3_H1 = bq1_H1;
BiQuad bq3_H2 = bq1_H2;
BiQuad bq4_H1 = bq1_H1;
BiQuad bq4_H2 = bq1_H2;
BiQuadChain bqc1_high;
BiQuadChain bqc2_high;
BiQuadChain bqc3_high;
BiQuadChain bqc4_high;

// Lowpass biquad filter coefficients (butter 4th order @5Hz cutoff) from MATLAB:
// 4th order behaviour is obtained by chaining two BiQuad (2nd order) filters (L1 and L2)
BiQuad bq1_L1(5.32116245737504e-08,  1.06423249147501e-07,   5.32116245737504e-08,   1,  -1.94396715039462,  0.944882378004138); // b01 b11 b21 a01 a11 a21
BiQuad bq1_L2(1,                     2,                      1,                      1,  -1.97586467534468,  0.976794920438162); // b02 b12 b22 a02 a12 a22
BiQuad bq2_L1 = bq1_L1;
BiQuad bq2_L2 = bq1_L2;
BiQuad bq3_L1 = bq1_L1;
BiQuad bq3_L2 = bq1_L2;
BiQuad bq4_L1 = bq1_L1;
BiQuad bq4_L2 = bq1_L2;
BiQuadChain bqc1_low;
BiQuadChain bqc2_low;
BiQuadChain bqc3_low;
BiQuadChain bqc4_low;

// DEPRECATED Function to check filter stability
bool checkBQChainStable()
{
    bool n_stable = bqc1_notch.stable(); // Check stability of all BQ Chains
    bool hp_stable =  bqc1_high.stable();
    bool l_stable = bqc1_low.stable();

    if (n_stable && hp_stable && l_stable) {
        return true;
    } else {
        return false;
    }
}

/*
------------------------------ EMG GLOBAL FUNCTIONS ------------------------------
*/
// Function to bundle camputations in operation mode for better overview in (sub)state functions
void EMGOperationFunc()
{
    double emg1_norm = emg1_env * emg1_factor; // Normalize current EMG signal with calibrated factor
    double emg2_norm = emg2_env * emg2_factor; // Idem
    double emg3_norm = emg3_env * emg3_factor; // Idem
    double emg4_norm = emg4_env * emg4_factor; // Idem


    // Set normalized EMG output signal
    if ( emg1_norm < emg1_th ) { // If below threshold, emg_out = 0 (ignored)
        emg1_out = 0.0;
    } else if ( emg1_norm > 1.0f ) { // If above MVC (e.g. due to filtering), emg_out = 1 (max value)
        emg1_out = 1.0;
    } else { // If in between threshold and MVC, scale EMG signal accordingly
        // Inputs may be in range       [emg_th, 1]
        // Outputs are scaled to range  [0,      1]
        emg1_out = rescale(emg1_norm, 0, 1, emg1_th, 1);
    }

    // See emg1 for documentation
    if ( emg2_norm < emg2_th ) {
        emg2_out = 0.0;
    } else if ( emg2_norm > 1.0f ) {
        emg2_out = 1.0;
    } else {
        emg2_out = rescale(emg2_norm, 0, 1, emg2_th, 1);
    }

    // Sets direction of emg1
    if ( emg3_norm < emg3_th ) { // Default: no tibialis activity = positive x direction
        emg1_dir = 1.0;
    } else { // Tibialis activity = negative x direction
        emg1_dir = -1.0;
    }

    // Sets direction of emg2
    if ( emg4_norm < emg4_th ) {
        emg2_dir = 1.0; // Default: no tibialis activity = positive y direction
    } else { // Tibialis activity = negative y direction
        emg2_dir = -1.0;
    }
}
/*
------------------------------ EMG SUBSTATE FUNCTIONS ------------------------------
*/

// EMG Waiting state
void do_emg_wait()
{
    // Entry function
    if ( emg_state_changed == true ) {
        emg_state_changed = false; // Disable entry functions

        button1.fall( &button1Press ); // Change to state MVC calibration on button1 press
        button2.fall( &button2Press ); // Change to state rest calibration on button2 press
    }

    // Do nothing until end condition is met

    // State transition guard
    if ( button1_pressed ) { // MVC calibration
        button1_pressed = false; // Disable button pressed function until next button press
        button1.fall( NULL ); // Disable interrupt during calibration
        button2.fall( NULL ); // Disable interrupt during calibration
        emg_curr_state = emg_cal_MVC; // Set next state
        emg_state_changed = true; // Enable entry functions

    } else if ( button2_pressed ) { // Rest calibration
        button2_pressed = false; // Disable button pressed function until next button press
        button1.fall( NULL ); // Disable interrupt during calibration
        button2.fall( NULL ); // Disable interrupt during calibration
        emg_curr_state = emg_cal_rest; // Set next state
        emg_state_changed = true; // Enable entry functions

    } else if ( emg_MVC_cal_done && emg_rest_cal_done ) { // Operation mode
        button1.fall( NULL ); // Disable interrupt during operation
        button2.fall( NULL ); // Disable interrupt during operation
        emg_curr_state = emg_operation; // Set next state
        emg_state_changed = true; // Enable entry functions
    }
}

// EMG Calibration state
void do_emg_cal()
{
    // Entry functions
    if ( emg_state_changed == true ) {
        emg_state_changed = false; // Disable entry functions
        set_led_color('b'); // Turn on calibration led (BLUE)

        timerStateChange.reset();
        timerStateChange.start(); // Sets up timer to stop calibration after Tcal seconds
        emg_sampleNow = true; // Enable signal sampling in sampleSignals()
        emg_calibrateNow = true; // Enable calibration vector functionality in sampleSignals()

        emg1_cal.reserve(Fs * Tcal); // Initialize vector lengths to prevent memory overflow
        emg2_cal.reserve(Fs * Tcal); // Idem
        emg3_cal.reserve(Fs * Tcal); // Idem
        emg4_cal.reserve(Fs * Tcal); // Idem
    }

    // Do stuff until end condition is met
    
    // Set HIDScope outputs
    scope.set(0, emg1 );
    scope.set(1, emg2 );
    scope.set(2, emg3 );
    scope.set(3, emg4 );
    //scope.set(2, emg2_env );
    //scope.set(3, emg3_env );
    scope.send();

    // State transition guard
    if ( timerStateChange.read() >= Tcal ) { // After interval Tcal the calibration step is finished
        emg_sampleNow = false; // Disable signal sampling in sampleSignals()
        emg_calibrateNow = false; // Disable calibration sampling
        set_led_color('p'); // Change calibration LED (BLUE) to EMG wait mode led (PURPLE)

        // Extract EMG scale data from calibration
        switch( emg_curr_state ) {
            case emg_cal_MVC: // In case of MVC calibration
                emg1_MVC = getMax(emg1_cal); // Store max value of MVC globally
                emg2_MVC = getMax(emg2_cal);
                emg3_MVC = getMax(emg3_cal);
                emg4_MVC = getMax(emg4_cal);
                emg_MVC_cal_done = true; // Set up transition to EMG operation mode
                break;
            case emg_cal_rest: // In case of rest calibration
                emg1_rest = getMean(emg1_cal); // Store mean of EMG in rest globally
                emg2_rest = getMean(emg2_cal);
                emg3_rest = getMean(emg3_cal);
                emg4_rest = getMean(emg4_cal);
                emg_rest_cal_done = true; // Set up transition to EMG operation mode
                break;
        }
        vector<double>().swap(emg1_cal); // Empty vector to prevent memory overflow
        vector<double>().swap(emg2_cal);
        vector<double>().swap(emg3_cal);
        vector<double>().swap(emg4_cal);

        emg_curr_state = emg_wait; // Set next substate
        emg_state_changed = true; // Enable substate entry function
    }
}

// EMG Operation state
void do_emg_operation()
{
    // Entry function
    if ( emg_state_changed == true ) {
        emg_state_changed = false; // Disable entry functions

        // Compute scale factors for all EMG signals
        double margin_percentage = 5; // Set up % margin for rest. This percentage was aqcuired after testing multiple thresholds, user found a 5% margin felt most 'natural'
        emg1_factor = 1 / emg1_MVC; // Factor to normalize MVC
        emg1_th = emg1_rest * emg1_factor + margin_percentage/100; // Set normalized rest threshold
        emg2_factor = 1 / emg2_MVC; // Factor to normalize MVC
        emg2_th = emg2_rest * emg2_factor + margin_percentage/100; // Set normalized rest threshold
        emg3_factor = 1 / emg3_MVC; // Factor to normalize MVC
        emg3_th = emg3_rest * emg3_factor + margin_percentage/100; // Set normalized rest threshold
        emg4_factor = 1 / emg4_MVC; // Factor to normalize MVC
        emg4_th = emg4_rest * emg4_factor + margin_percentage/100; // Set normalized rest threshold
    }

    // This state only runs its entry functions ONCE and then exits the EMG substate machine

    // State transition guard
    if ( true ) { // EMG substate machine is terminated directly after running this state once
        emg_curr_state = emg_wait; // Set next state
        emg_state_changed = true; // Enable entry function
        emg_cal_done = true; // Let the global substate machine know that EMG calibration is finished

        // Enable buttons again
        button1.fall( &button1Press );
        button2.fall( &button2Press );
    }
}

/*
------------------------------ EMG SUBSTATE MACHINE ------------------------------
*/

void emg_state_machine()
{
    switch(emg_curr_state) {
        case emg_wait:
            do_emg_wait();
            break;
        case emg_cal_MVC:
            do_emg_cal();
            break;
        case emg_cal_rest:
            do_emg_cal();
            break;
        case emg_operation:
            do_emg_operation();
            break;
    }
}

/*
------------------------------ MOTOR GLOBAL VARIABLES & CONSTANTS ------------------------------
*/
// Initialize encoder
int encoder_res = 64; // Encoder resolution

QEI encoder1(D9, D8, NC, encoder_res, QEI::X4_ENCODING); //Encoder of motor 1
QEI encoder2(D12, D13, NC, encoder_res, QEI::X4_ENCODING); //Encoder of motor 2

// Initialize variables for encoder reading
volatile int counts1; //Counts after compensation with offset
volatile int counts1af; //Counts measured by encoder
int counts1offset; //Offset due to calibration
volatile int countsPrev1 = 0; // Stores previous encoder counts for time delay
volatile int deltaCounts1; // Difference in counts 

volatile int counts2; // Counts after compensation with offset
volatile int counts2af; //Counts measured by encoder
int counts2offset; //Offset due to calibration
volatile int countsPrev2 = 0; // Stores previous encoder counts for time delay
volatile int deltaCounts2; // Difference in counts

// PWM period
const float PWM_period = 1/(18*10e3); // 18000 Hz

// Important constants
const float pi = 3.141592; // pi
const float pi2 = pi * 2.0f; // 2 pi
const float deg2rad = pi / 180.0f; //Conversion factor degree to rad
const float rad2deg = 180.0f / pi; //Conversion factor rad to degree
const float gearratio1 = 110.0f / 20.0f; // Teeth of large gear : teeth of driven gear
const float gearratio2 = 55.0f / 20.0f; // Teeth of small gear : teeth of driven gear
const float encoder_factorin = pi2 / encoder_res; // Convert encoder counts to angle in rad
const float gearbox_ratio = 131.25; // Gear ratio of motor gearboxes

// Kinematics variables
const float l1 = 26.0; // Distance base-joint2 [cm]
const float l2 = 62.0; // Distance join2-endpoint [cm]

float q1 = -10.0f * deg2rad; // Angle of first joint [rad] (in calibration position)
float q1dot; // Velocity of first joint [rad/s]

float q2 = -140.0f * deg2rad; // Angle of second joint [rad] (in calibration position
float q2dot; // Velocity of second joint [rad/s]

float Vx = 0.0; // Desired linear velocity x direction [cm/s]
float Vy = 0.0; // Desired linear velocity y direction [cm/s]

float xe; // Endpoint x position [cm]
float ye; // Endpoint y position [cm]

// Motor angles in starting position
const float motor1_init = ( q1 + q2 ) * gearratio1; // Measured angle motor 1 in initial (starting) position
float motor1_ref = motor1_init; // Expected motor angle (starting from initial position)
float motor1_angle = motor1_init; // Actual motor angle

const float motor2_init = q1 * gearratio2; // Measured angle motor 2 in initial (starting) position
float motor2_ref = motor2_init; // Motor 2 reference position (starting from initial position)
float motor2_angle = motor2_init;   // Actual motor angle

// Initialize variables for motor control
float motor1offset; // Offset during calibration
float omega1; //angular velocity of motor [rad/s]
bool motordir1; // Toggle of motor direction
double controlsignal1; // Result of the PID controller
float motor1_error; // Error between desired and actual angle of the motor

float motor2offset; // Offset during calibration
float omega2; //Angular velocity  of motor [rad/s]
bool motordir2; // Toggle of motor direction
double controlsignal2; // Result of the PID controller
float motor2_error; // Error between desired and actual angle of the motor

// Initialize variables for PID controller
float Kp = 0.27; // Proportional gain
float Ki = 0.35; // Integral gain
float Kd = 0.1; // Derivative gain
float Ka = 1.0; //Windup gain

float u_p1; // Proportional contribution
float u_i1; // Integral contribution
float u_d1; // Derivative contribution
float ux1; // Windup error (before multiplication with Ka)
float up1; // Summed contributions
float ek1; // Windup error
float ei1 = 0.0; // Integral error (starts at 0)

float u_p2; // Proportional contribution
float u_i2; // Integral contribution
float u_d2; // Derivative contribution
float ux2; // Windup error (before multiplication with Ka)
float up2; // Summed contributions
float ek2; // Windup error
float ei2 = 0.0; // Integral error (starts at 0)

/*
------------------------------ MOTOR FUNCTIONS ------------------------------
*/
void PID_controller()
{
    // Motor 1
    static float error_integral1 = 0.0;
    static float e_prev1 = motor1_error; // Saving the previous error, needed for derivative computation

    //Proportional part
    u_p1 = Kp * motor1_error; // Output of proportional part

    //Integral part
    if ( motor_curr_state == motor_finish || operation_curr_state == operation_movement || demo_curr_state == demo_XY || demo_curr_state == demo_positioning ) { // Only active during operational states to prevent windup
        error_integral1 = error_integral1 + ei1 * Ts; // Previous integral error addition 
        u_i1 = Ki * error_integral1; // Output of integral part
    }

    //Derivative part
    float error_derivative1 = (motor1_error - e_prev1) / Ts; // Derivative error
    float u_d1 = Kd * error_derivative1; // Output of derivative part
    e_prev1 = motor1_error; // Set up derivative error for next cycle

    up1 = u_p1 + u_i1 + u_d1;   // Sum the contributions of P, I and D
    
    // Saturation
    if ( up1 > 1.0f ) {         // Saturated positive limit of motor, set output equal to 1
        controlsignal1 = 1.0f;  
    } else if ( up1 < -1.0f ) { // Saturated negative limit of motor, set output equal to -1
        controlsignal1 = -1.0f;
    } else {
        controlsignal1 = up1;   // No saturation, motor output is scaled normally
    }

    // Windup control
    ux1 = up1 - controlsignal1; // Computation of the overflow
    ek1 = Ka * ux1; // Output of windup action
    ei1 = motor1_error - ek1;   // Integral error with windup subtracted 

    // Motor 2 (see motor 1 for documentation)
    static float error_integral2 = 0.0;
    static float e_prev2 = motor2_error;

    //Proportional part:
    u_p2 = Kp * motor2_error;

    //Integral part
    if ( motor_curr_state == motor_finish || operation_curr_state == operation_movement || demo_curr_state == demo_XY || demo_curr_state == demo_positioning ) { // Only active during operational states to prevent windup
        error_integral2 = error_integral2 + ei2 * Ts;
        u_i2 = Ki * error_integral2;
    }

    //Derivative part
    float error_derivative2 = (motor2_error - e_prev2) / Ts;
    float u_d2 = Kd * error_derivative2;
    e_prev2 = motor2_error;

    up2 = u_p2 + u_i2 + u_d2; 
    
    // Saturation
    if ( up2 > 1.0f ) {
        controlsignal2 = 1.0f;
    } else if ( up2 < -1.0f ) {
        controlsignal2 = -1.0f;
    } else {
        controlsignal2 = up2;
    }

    // Windup control
    ux2 = up2 - controlsignal2;
    ek2 = Ka * ux2;
    ei2 = motor2_error - ek2;
}

void RKI()
{
    // Derived function for angular velocity of joint angles
    q1dot = (l2*cos(q1+q2)*Vx+l2*sin(q1+q2)*Vy)/((-l1*sin(q1)-l2*sin(q1+q2))*l2*cos(q1+q2)+l2*sin(q1+q2)*(l1*cos(q1)+l2*cos(q1+q2))); // Computation of the desired angular velocities with given linear velocities Vx and Vy
    q2dot = ((-l1*cos(q1)-l2*cos(q1+q2))*Vx+(-l1*sin(q1)-l2*sin(q1+q2))*Vy)/((-l1*sin(q1)-l2*sin(q1+q2))*l2*cos(q1+q2)+l2*sin(q1+q2)*(l1*cos(q1)+l2*cos(q1+q2))); // Computation of the desired angular velocities with given linear velocities Vx and Vy
    q1 = q1 + q1dot * Ts; // Calculating desired joint angle by integrating the desired angular velocity
    q2 = q2 + q2dot * Ts; // Calculating desired joint angle by integrating the desired angular velocity

    xe = l1 * cos(q1) + l2 * cos(q1+q2); // Calculation of the current endpoint position
    ye = l1 * sin(q1) + l2 * sin(q1+q2); // Calculation of the current endpoint position

    if ( q1 < -5.0f * deg2rad) {            // Prevent angles to exceed software limits
        q1 = -5.0f * deg2rad;
    } else if ( q1 > 65.0f * deg2rad ) {    // Prevent angles to exceed software limits
        q1 = 65.0f * deg2rad;
    } else {                                // Regular angle output
        q1 = q1;
    }

    if ( q2 > -50.0f * deg2rad ) {          // Prevent angles to exceed software limits
        q2 = -50.0f * deg2rad;
    } else if ( q2 < -138.0f * deg2rad ) {  // Prevent angles to exceed software limits
        q2 = -138.0f * deg2rad;
    } else {                                // Regular angle output
        q2 = q2;
    }

    motor1_ref = 5.5f * q1 + 5.5f * q2;     // Calculating the desired motor angle to attain the correct joint angles
    motor2_ref = 2.75f * q1;                // Calculating the desired motor angle to attain the correct joint angles
}

// Function to provide power to motors
void motorControl()
{
    counts1 = counts1af - counts1offset;    // Counts measured by encoder compensated with the offset due to calibration
    motor1_angle = (counts1 * encoder_factorin / gearbox_ratio) + motor1_init; // Angle of motor shaft [rad] + correction of initial value
    omega1 = deltaCounts1 / Ts * encoder_factorin / gearbox_ratio; // Angular velocity of motor shaft [rad/s]
    motor1_error = motor1_ref - motor1_angle; // Difference between desired and measured angle of motor
    if ( controlsignal1 < 0.0f ) { // Determine the direction
        motordir1 = 0;
    } else {
        motordir1 = 1;
    }

    motor1Power.write(abs(controlsignal1)); // Assigning the desired power to the motor
    motor1Direction = motordir1; // Assigning the desired direction

    counts2 = counts2af - counts2offset; // Counts measured by encoder compensated with the offset due to calibration
    motor2_angle = (counts2 * encoder_factorin / gearbox_ratio) + motor2_init; // Angle of motor shaft [rad] + correction of initial value
    omega2 = deltaCounts2 / Ts * encoder_factorin / gearbox_ratio; // Angular velocity of motor shaft [rad/s]
    motor2_error = motor2_ref-motor2_angle; // Difference between desired and measured angle of motor
    if ( controlsignal2 < 0.0f ) { // Determine the direction
        motordir2 = 0;
    } else {
        motordir2 = 1;
    }
    if (motor_encoder_cal_done == true) {
        motor2Power.write(abs(controlsignal2)); // Assinging the desired power to the motor
    }
    motor2Direction = motordir2; // Assigning the desired direction to the motor
}

// Function to stop all motor movement
void motorKillPower()
{
    motor1Power.write(0.0f); // Setting motor power to 0 to stop motion
    motor2Power.write(0.0f); // Setting motor power to 0 to stop motion
    Vx=0.0f; // Setting desired linear motion to 0 to prevent RKI from adjusting the motorpower
    Vy=0.0f; // Setting desired linear motion to 0 to prevent RKI from adjusting the motorpower
}

/*
------------------------------ MOTOR SUBSTATE FUNCTIONS ------------------------------
*/
void do_motor_encoder_set()
{
    // Entry function
    if ( motor_state_changed == true ) {
        motor_state_changed = false;
    }
    motor1Power.write(0.0f); // Giving the motor no power to be able to adjust the robot configuration
    motor2Power.write(0.0f); // Giving the motor no power to be able to adjust the robot configuration
    counts1offset = counts1af ; // Storing the offset of the encoder
    counts2offset = counts2af; // Storing the offset of the encoder

    // State transition guard
    if ( button2_pressed ) {
        button2_pressed = false;
        motor_encoder_cal_done = true;
        motor_curr_state = motor_finish;
        motor_state_changed = true;
    }
}

void do_motor_finish()
{
    // Entry function
    if ( motor_state_changed == true ) {
        motor_state_changed = false;
        timerStateChange.reset(); // Sets timer to 0
        timerStateChange.start(); // Starts timer to proceed automatically to next state
    }

    // Do stuff until end condition is true
    
    // Perform all motor functions
    PID_controller();
    motorControl();
    RKI();

    // State transition guard
    if ( timerStateChange.read() >= 3.0f ) { // After 3 seconds, the robot is in its home position. Move to next state
        button2_pressed = false;
        motor_cal_done = true;
        motor_curr_state = motor_encoder_set;
        motor_state_changed = true;
    }
}

/*
------------------------------ MOTOR SUBSTATE MACHINE ------------------------------
*/
void motor_state_machine()
{
    switch(motor_curr_state) {
        case motor_encoder_set:
            do_motor_encoder_set();
            break;
        case motor_finish:
            do_motor_finish();
            break;
    }
}

/*
------------------------------ OPERATION SUBSTATE FUNCTIONS ------------------------------
*/
void do_operation_wait()
{
    // Entry function
    if ( operation_state_changed == true ) {
        operation_state_changed = false;
        emg_sampleNow = false; // Disable signal sampling in sampleSignals()
        emg_calibrateNow = false; // Disable calibration functionality in sampleSignals()
    }

    // Do stuff until end condition is met
    
    EMGOperationFunc(); // Run EMG operation

    Vx = emg1_out * (10.0f + 10.0f * potmeter1.read() ) * emg1_dir; // Scale Vx to have more responsive motor control. Potmeter is used to allow user to further finetune
    Vy = emg2_out * (10.0f + 10.0f * potmeter2.read() ) * emg2_dir; // Scale Vy to have more responsive motor control. Potmeter is used to allow user to further finetune

    // Perform all motor functions
    PID_controller();
    motorControl();
    RKI();

    motorKillPower(); // Disables motor outputs to prevent any actual output, since this is the waiting state

    // State transition guard
    if ( button1_pressed == true ) { // operation_movement
        button1_pressed = false;
        operation_curr_state = operation_movement;
        operation_state_changed = true;
    } else if ( button2_pressed == true ) { // global_wait
        button2_pressed = false;
        operation_curr_state = operation_wait; // Prepares system to enter operation mode again
        operation_state_changed = true; // Prepares system to enter operation mode again
        exit_operation = true; // This flag actually makes the state proceed to global_wait
    }
}

void do_operation_movement()
{
    // Entry function
    if ( operation_state_changed == true ) {
        operation_state_changed = false;
        emg_sampleNow = true; // Enable signal sampling in sampleSignals()
        emg_calibrateNow = false; // Disable calibration functionality in sampleSignals()
    }

    // Do stuff until end condition is met
    
    EMGOperationFunc(); // Run EMG operation

    Vx = emg1_out * (10.0f + 10.0f * potmeter1.read() ) * emg1_dir; // Scale Vx to have more responsive motor control. Potmeter is used to allow user to further finetune
    Vy = emg2_out * (10.0f + 10.0f * potmeter2.read() ) * emg2_dir; // Scale Vy to have more responsive motor control. Potmeter is used to allow user to further finetune

    // Perform all motor functions
    PID_controller();
    motorControl();
    RKI();

    // State transition guard
    if ( button1_pressed == true ) { // operation_wait
        button1_pressed = false;
        operation_curr_state = operation_wait;
        operation_state_changed = true;
    }
}

/*
------------------------------ OPERATION SUBSTATE MACHINE ------------------------------
*/

void operation_state_machine()
{
    switch(operation_curr_state) {
        case operation_wait:
            do_operation_wait();
            break;
        case operation_movement:
            do_operation_movement();
            break;
    }
}

/*
------------------------------ DEMO SUBSTATE FUNCTIONS ------------------------------
*/
void do_demo_wait()
{
    // Entry function
    if ( demo_state_changed == true ) {
        demo_state_changed = false;
    }

    // Perform all motor functions
    PID_controller();
    motorControl();
    RKI();
    
    motorKillPower(); // Set output to zero to prevent any motor outputs, since this is a waiting state

    // State transition guard
    if ( button1_pressed == true ) { // demo_positioning
        button1_pressed = false;
        demo_curr_state = demo_positioning;
        demo_state_changed = true;
        // More functions
    } else if ( switch2_pressed == true ) { // Return to global wait
        switch2_pressed = false;
        demo_curr_state = demo_wait; // Prepares system to enter demo mode again
        demo_state_changed = true; // Prepares system to enter demo mode again
        motor_cal_done = false; // Disables motor calibration again (since robot is probably not in reference position anymore)
        exit_demo = true; // This flag actually makes the state proceed to global_wait
    }
}

void do_demo_motor_cal()
{
    // Entry function
    if ( demo_state_changed == true ) {
        demo_state_changed = false;
        set_led_color('c'); // Set LED to motor calibration (CYAN)
    }
    
    PID_controller();
    motorControl();
    RKI();

    motor_state_machine(); // Run regular motor calibration state machine

    // State transition guard
    if ( motor_cal_done == true ) { // demo_wait
        demo_curr_state = demo_wait;
        demo_state_changed = true;
        set_led_color('y'); // Set LED to demo mode (YELLOW)
    }
}

void do_demo_positioning()
{
    // Entry function
    if ( demo_state_changed == true ) {
        demo_state_changed = false;
        timerStateChange.reset();
        timerStateChange.start();
    }

    Vx = 5.0; // Move in the positive x direction
    Vy = 5.0; // Move in the positive y direction

    PID_controller();
    motorControl();
    RKI();

    // State transition guard
    if ( timerStateChange.read() >= 5.0f ) { // demo_XY
        button1_pressed = false;
        demo_curr_state = demo_XY;
        demo_state_changed = true;
    }
}

void do_demo_XY()
{
    // Entry function
    if ( demo_state_changed == true ) {
        demo_state_changed = false;
    }

    // Do stuff until end condition is met
    
    static float t = 0.0;
    
    // The endpoint will make a square every 12 seconds
    if ( t >= 0.0f && t < 3.0f ) {          
        Vx = 5.0;
    } else if ( t >= 3.0f && t < 6.0f ) {
        Vx = 0.0;
        Vy = 5.0;
    } else if ( t >= 6.0f && t < 9.0f ) {
        Vx = -5.0;
        Vy = 0.0;
    }
    if ( t >= 9.0f && t < 12.0f ) {
        Vx = 0.0;
        Vy = -5.0;
    } else if ( t >= 12.0f) {
        t = 0.0;
    }
    t += Ts;

    PID_controller();
    motorControl();
    RKI();

    // State transition guard
    if ( button1_pressed == true ) { // demo_wait
        t = 0.0;
        button1_pressed = false;
        demo_curr_state = demo_wait;
        demo_state_changed = true;
    }
}

/*
------------------------------ DEMO SUBSTATE MACHINE ------------------------------
*/

void demo_state_machine()
{
    switch(demo_curr_state) {
        case demo_wait:
            do_demo_wait();
            break;
        case demo_motor_cal:
            do_demo_motor_cal();
            break;
        case demo_positioning:
            do_demo_positioning();
            break;
        case demo_XY:
            do_demo_XY();
            break;
    }
}

/*
------------------------------ GLOBAL STATE FUNCTIONS ------------------------------
*/
/* ALL STATES HAVE THE FOLLOWING FORM:
void do_state_function() {
    // Entry function
    if ( global_state_changed == true ) {
        global_state_changed = false;
        // More functions
    }

    // Do stuff until end condition is met
    doStuff();

    // State transition guard
    if ( endCondition == true ) {
        global_curr_state = next_state;
        global_state_changed = true;
        // More functions
    }
}
*/

// FAILURE MODE
void do_global_failure()
{
    // Entry function
    if ( global_state_changed == true ) {
        global_state_changed = false;
        set_led_color('r'); // Set failure mode LED (RED)

        failure_mode = true; // Set failure mode
    }

    // Do stuff until end condition is met
    motorKillPower();

    // State transition guard
    if ( false ) { // Never move to other state
        global_curr_state = global_wait;
        global_state_changed = true;
        set_led_color('o'); // Disable failure mode LED
    }
}

// DEMO MODE
void do_global_demo()
{
    // Entry function
    if ( global_state_changed == true ) {
        global_state_changed = false;
        set_led_color('y'); // Set demo mode LED (YELLOW)
        emg_cal_done = false; // Disables EMG calibration to prevent going into operation mode after exiting demo state

        if ( motor_cal_done == true ) { // Motor calibration is already finished, move to demo_wait
            demo_curr_state = demo_wait;
        } else if (motor_cal_done == false ) { // Motor calibration is not yet finished, perform motor calibration first
            demo_curr_state = demo_motor_cal;
        }
        demo_state_changed = true;
    }

    // Do stuff until end condition is met
    demo_state_machine();

    // State transition guard
    if ( exit_demo == true ) { // global_wait
        exit_demo = false;
        global_curr_state = global_wait;
        global_state_changed = true;
        set_led_color('o'); // Disable demo mode LED
        
        motor1_ref = motor1_init; // Reset all motor values to prevent aggressive swing when entering another movement mode
        motor1_angle = motor1_init;
        motor2_ref = motor2_init;
        motor2_angle = motor2_init;
    }
}

// WAIT MODE
void do_global_wait()
{
    // Entry function
    if ( global_state_changed == true ) {
        global_state_changed = false;
        set_led_color('w'); // Set wait mode LED (WHITE)
    }

    // Do nothing until end condition is met
    motorKillPower();


    // State transition guard
    if ( switch2_pressed == true ) { // global_demo
        switch2_pressed = false;
        global_curr_state = global_demo;
        global_state_changed = true;
        set_led_color('o'); // Disable wait mode LED

    } else if ( button1_pressed == true ) { // global_emg_cal
        button1_pressed = false;
        global_curr_state = global_emg_cal;
        global_state_changed = true;
        set_led_color('o'); // Disable wait mode LED

    } else if ( button2_pressed == true ) { // global_motor_cal
        button2_pressed = false;
        global_curr_state = global_motor_cal;
        global_state_changed = true;
        set_led_color('o'); // Disable wait mode LED

    } else if ( emg_cal_done && motor_cal_done ) { // global_operation
        global_curr_state = global_operation;
        global_state_changed = true;
        set_led_color('o'); // Disable wait mode LED
    }
}

// EMG CALIBRATION MODE
void do_global_emg_cal()
{
    // Entry function
    if ( global_state_changed == true ) {
        global_state_changed = false;
        set_led_color('p'); // Set EMG calibration LED (PURPLE)
    }

    // Run EMG state machine until emg_cal_done flag is true
    emg_state_machine();

    // State transition guard
    if ( emg_cal_done == true ) { // global_wait
        global_curr_state = global_wait;
        global_state_changed = true;
        set_led_color('o'); // Disable EMG calibration LED
    }
}

// MOTOR CALIBRATION MODE
void do_global_motor_cal()
{
    // Entry function
    if ( global_state_changed == true ) {
        global_state_changed = false;
        set_led_color('c'); // Set motor calibration LED (CYAN)
    }

    // Do stuff until end condition is met
    motor_state_machine();

    // State transition guard
    if ( motor_cal_done == true ) { // global_wait
        global_curr_state = global_wait;
        global_state_changed = true;
        set_led_color('o'); // Disable motor calibration LED
    }
}

// OPERATION MODE
void do_global_operation()
{
    // Entry function
    if ( global_state_changed == true ) {
        global_state_changed = false;
        
        button1.fall( &button1Press ); // Enables buttons again
        button2.fall( &button2Press ); // Enables buttons again

        emg_sampleNow = true; // Enable signal sampling in sampleSignals()
        emg_calibrateNow = false; // Disable calibration functionality in sampleSignals()
        set_led_color('g'); // Set operation led (GREEN)
    }

    // Do stuff until end condition is met
    operation_state_machine();

    // Set HIDScope outputs
    scope.set(0, emg1 );
    scope.set(1, Vx );
    scope.set(2, motor1_angle );
    scope.set(3, emg2 );
    scope.set(4, Vy );
    scope.set(5, motor1_angle );
    scope.send();

    // State transition guard
    if ( exit_operation == true ) { // global_wait
        exit_operation = false;
        global_curr_state = global_wait;
        global_state_changed = true;
        set_led_color('o'); // Disable operation led
        emg_sampleNow = false; // Enable signal sampling in sampleSignals()
        emg_calibrateNow = false; // Disable calibration functionality in sampleSignals()
        emg_cal_done = false; // Requires user to calibrate again
        motor_cal_done = false; // Requires user to calibrate again
    }
}
/*
------------------------------ GLOBAL STATE MACHINE ------------------------------
*/
void global_state_machine()
{
    switch(global_curr_state) {
        case global_failure:
            do_global_failure();
            break;
        case global_wait:
            do_global_wait();
            break;
        case global_emg_cal:
            do_global_emg_cal();
            break;
        case global_motor_cal:
            do_global_motor_cal();
            break;
        case global_operation:
            do_global_operation();
            break;
        case global_demo:
            do_global_demo();
            break;
    }
}

/*
------------------------------ OTHER MAIN LOOP FUNCTIONS ------------------------------
*/
void sampleSignals()
{
    if (emg_sampleNow == true) { // Only samples if the sample flag is true, to prevent unnecessary computations
        // Read EMG inputs
        emg1 = emg1_in.read();
        emg2 = emg2_in.read();
        emg3 = emg3_in.read();
        emg4 = emg4_in.read();

        double emg1_n = bqc1_notch.step( emg1 );         // Filter notch
        double emg1_hp = bqc1_high.step( emg1_n );       // Filter highpass
        double emg1_rectify = fabs( emg1_hp );           // Rectify
        emg1_env = bqc1_low.step( emg1_rectify ); // Filter lowpass (completes envelope)

        double emg2_n = bqc2_notch.step( emg2 );         // Filter notch
        double emg2_hp = bqc2_high.step( emg2_n );       // Filter highpass
        double emg2_rectify = fabs( emg2_hp );           // Rectify
        emg2_env = bqc2_low.step( emg2_rectify ); // Filter lowpass (completes envelope)

        double emg3_n = bqc3_notch.step( emg3 );         // Filter notch
        double emg3_hp = bqc3_high.step( emg3_n );       // Filter highpass
        double emg3_rectify = fabs( emg3_hp );           // Rectify
        emg3_env = bqc3_low.step( emg3_rectify ); // Filter lowpass (completes envelope)

        double emg4_n = bqc4_notch.step( emg4 );         // Filter notch
        double emg4_hp = bqc4_high.step( emg4_n );       // Filter highpass
        double emg4_rectify = fabs( emg4_hp );           // Rectify
        emg4_env = bqc4_low.step( emg4_rectify ); // Filter lowpass (completes envelope)

        if (emg_calibrateNow == true) { // Only add values to EMG vectors if calibration flag is true
            emg1_cal.push_back(emg1_env); // Add values to calibration vector
            emg2_cal.push_back(emg2_env); // Add values to calibration vector
            emg3_cal.push_back(emg3_env); // Add values to calibration vector
            emg4_cal.push_back(emg4_env); // Add values to calibration vector
        }
    }

    // Always reads encoder inputs
    counts1af = encoder1.getPulses();
    deltaCounts1 = counts1af - countsPrev1;
    countsPrev1 = counts1af;

    counts2af = encoder2.getPulses();
    deltaCounts2 = counts2af - countsPrev2;
    countsPrev2 = counts2af;
}

/*
------------------------------ GLOBAL PROGRAM LOOP ------------------------------
*/
void tickGlobalFunc()
{
    sampleSignals();
    global_state_machine();
    changeservo(); // Servo angle can be adjusted during every state
}

/*
------------------------------ MAIN FUNCTION ------------------------------
*/
int main()
{
    pc.baud(115200); // MODSERIAL rate
    pc.printf("Starting\r\n");

    global_curr_state = global_wait; // Start off in global wait state
    tickGlobal.attach( &tickGlobalFunc, Ts ); // Start global ticker
    tickLED.attach ( &disp_led_color, 0.25f ); // Start LED ticker

    // ---------- Enable Servo ----------
    myservo.Enable(1000, 20000);

    // ---------- Attach filters ----------
    bqc1_notch.add( &bq1_notch );
    bqc1_high.add( &bq1_H1 ).add( &bq1_H2 );
    bqc1_low.add( &bq1_L1 ).add( &bq1_L2 );

    bqc2_notch.add( &bq2_notch );
    bqc2_high.add( &bq2_H1 ).add( &bq2_H2 );
    bqc2_low.add( &bq2_L1 ).add( &bq2_L2 );

    bqc3_notch.add( &bq3_notch );
    bqc3_high.add( &bq3_H1 ).add( &bq3_H2 );
    bqc3_low.add( &bq3_L1 ).add( &bq3_L2 );

    bqc4_notch.add( &bq4_notch );
    bqc4_high.add( &bq4_H1 ).add( &bq4_H2 );
    bqc4_low.add( &bq4_L1 ).add( &bq4_L2 );

    // ---------- Attach buttons ----------
    button1.fall( &button1Press );
    button2.fall( &button2Press );
    switch2.fall( &switch2Press );
    switch3.fall( &switch3Press );
    extButton1.mode( PullUp ); // To make sure the servo works

    // ---------- Attach PWM ----------
    motor1Power.period(PWM_period);
    motor2Power.period(PWM_period);

    // ---------- Turn OFF LEDs ----------
    set_led_color('o');

    while(true) {
        pc.printf("Global state: %i EMG state: %i Motor state: %i Operation state: %i Demo state: %i\r\n", global_curr_state, emg_curr_state, motor_curr_state, operation_curr_state, demo_curr_state); // Displays current (sub)states
        wait(0.5f);
    }
}