(DA) Internet of Things and Smart Electronics- ELE3006M2122
Resit Target Localisation Ciaran Kane 18689005
Dependencies: mbed
Revision 7:acf82069b794, committed 2022-08-25
- Comitter:
- ciarankane123
- Date:
- Thu Aug 25 13:50:39 2022 +0000
- Parent:
- 6:466f54c00c50
- Commit message:
- Final Code;
Changed in this revision
diff -r 466f54c00c50 -r acf82069b794 Bitmap.lib --- a/Bitmap.lib Thu Aug 25 13:49:37 2022 +0000 +++ /dev/null Thu Jan 01 00:00:00 1970 +0000 @@ -1,1 +0,0 @@ -https://os.mbed.com/users/ciarankane123/code/Bitmap/#f2d1f9532b62
diff -r 466f54c00c50 -r acf82069b794 Bitmap/Bitmap.cpp
--- /dev/null Thu Jan 01 00:00:00 1970 +0000
+++ b/Bitmap/Bitmap.cpp Thu Aug 25 13:50:39 2022 +0000
@@ -0,0 +1,96 @@
+#include "Bitmap.h"
+
+#include <iostream>
+
+#include "N5110.h"
+
+Bitmap::Bitmap(int const *contents,
+ unsigned int const height,
+ unsigned int const width)
+ :
+ _contents(std::vector<int>(height*width)),
+ _height(height),
+ _width(width)
+{
+ // Perform a quick sanity check of the dimensions
+ if (_contents.size() != height * width) {
+ std::cerr << "Contents of bitmap has size " << _contents.size()
+ << " pixels, but its dimensions were specified as "
+ << width << " * " << height << " = " << width * height << std::endl;
+ }
+
+ for(unsigned int i = 0; i < height*width; ++i) _contents[i] = contents[i];
+}
+
+/**
+ * @returns the value of the pixel at the given position
+ */
+int Bitmap::get_pixel(unsigned int const row,
+ unsigned int const column) const
+{
+ // First check that row and column indices are within bounds
+ if(column >= _width || row >= _height)
+ {
+ std::cerr << "The requested pixel with index " << row << "," << column
+ << "is outside the bitmap dimensions: " << _width << ","
+ << _height << std::endl;
+ }
+
+ // Now return the pixel value, using row-major indexing
+ return _contents[row * _width + column];
+}
+
+/**
+ * @brief Prints the contents of the bitmap to the terminal
+ */
+void Bitmap::print() const
+{
+ for (unsigned int row = 0; row < _height; ++row)
+ {
+ // Print each element of the row
+ for (unsigned int column = 0; column < _width; ++column)
+ {
+ int pixel = get_pixel(row, column);
+ std::cout << pixel;
+ }
+
+ // And then terminate with a new-line character
+ std::cout << std::endl;
+ }
+}
+
+/**
+ * @brief Renders the contents of the bitmap onto an N5110 screen
+ *
+ * @param[in] lcd The screen to use for rendering
+ * @param[in] x0 The horizontal position in pixels at which to render the bitmap
+ * @param[in] y0 The vertical position in pixels at which to render the bitmap
+ *
+ * @details Note that x0, y0 gives the location of the top-left of the bitmap on
+ * the screen.
+ * This function only updates the buffer on the screen. You still need
+ * to refresh the screen in order to actually see the bitmap.
+ */
+void Bitmap::render(N5110 &lcd,
+ unsigned int const x0,
+ unsigned int const y0) const
+{
+ // Loop through each row of the bitmap image
+ for (unsigned int bitmap_row = 0; bitmap_row < _height; ++bitmap_row)
+ {
+ // Row index on the screen for rendering the row of pixels
+ unsigned int screen_row = y0 + bitmap_row;
+
+ // Render each pixel in the row
+ for (unsigned int bitmap_col = 0; bitmap_col < _width; ++bitmap_col)
+ {
+ // Column index on the screen for rendering this pixel
+ int screen_col = x0 + bitmap_col;
+
+ // Find the required value of the pixel at the given location within
+ // the bitmap data and then write it to the LCD screen
+ int pixel = get_pixel(bitmap_row, bitmap_col);
+ lcd.setPixel(screen_col, screen_row, pixel);
+ }
+ }
+}
\ No newline at end of file
diff -r 466f54c00c50 -r acf82069b794 Bitmap/Bitmap.h
--- /dev/null Thu Jan 01 00:00:00 1970 +0000
+++ b/Bitmap/Bitmap.h Thu Aug 25 13:50:39 2022 +0000
@@ -0,0 +1,65 @@
+#ifndef BITMAP_H
+#define BITMAP_H
+
+#include <vector>
+
+// Forward declarations
+class N5110;
+
+/**
+ * @brief A black & white bitmap that can be rendered on an N5110 screen
+ *
+ *
+ * @code
+ // First declare the pixel map data using '1' for black,
+ // or '0' for white pixels
+ static int sprite_data[] = {
+ 0,0,1,0,0,
+ 0,1,1,1,0,
+ 0,0,1,0,0,
+ 0,1,1,1,0,
+ 1,1,1,1,1,
+ 1,1,1,1,1,
+ 1,1,0,1,1,
+ 1,1,0,1,1
+ };
+
+ // Instantiate the Bitmap object using the data above
+ Bitmap sprite(sprite_data, 8, 5); // Specify rows and columns in sprite
+
+ // We can render the bitmap wherever we want on the screen
+ sprite.render(lcd, 20, 6); // x and y locations for rendering
+ sprite.render(lcd, 30, 10);
+
+ // We can also print its values to the terminal
+ sprite.print();
+ * @endcode
+ */
+class Bitmap
+{
+private:
+ /**
+ * @brief The contents of the drawing, with pixels stored in row-major order
+ * @details '1' represents a black pixel; '0' represents white
+ */
+ std::vector<int> _contents;
+
+ unsigned int _height; ///< The height of the drawing in pixels
+ unsigned int _width; ///< The width of the drawing in pixels
+
+public:
+ Bitmap(int const *contents,
+ unsigned int const height,
+ unsigned int const width);
+
+ int get_pixel(unsigned int const row,
+ unsigned int const column) const;
+
+ void print() const;
+
+ void render(N5110 &lcd,
+ unsigned int const x0,
+ unsigned int const y0) const;
+};
+
+#endif // BITMAP_H
\ No newline at end of file
diff -r 466f54c00c50 -r acf82069b794 Joystick.lib --- a/Joystick.lib Thu Aug 25 13:49:37 2022 +0000 +++ /dev/null Thu Jan 01 00:00:00 1970 +0000 @@ -1,1 +0,0 @@ -https://os.mbed.com/teams/DA-Internet-of-Things-and-Smart-Electron/code/FinalProject/#3262800b671c
diff -r 466f54c00c50 -r acf82069b794 Joystick/Joystick.cpp
--- /dev/null Thu Jan 01 00:00:00 1970 +0000
+++ b/Joystick/Joystick.cpp Thu Aug 25 13:50:39 2022 +0000
@@ -0,0 +1,162 @@
+#include "Joystick.h"
+
+Joystick::Joystick(PinName vertPin,PinName horizPin,PinName clickPin)
+{
+ vert = new AnalogIn(vertPin);
+ horiz = new AnalogIn(horizPin);
+ click = new InterruptIn(clickPin);
+}
+
+void Joystick::init()
+{
+ // read centred values of joystick
+ _x0 = horiz->read();
+ _y0 = vert->read();
+
+ // this assumes that the joystick is centred when the init function is called
+ // if perfectly centred, the pots should read 0.5, but this may
+ // not be the case and x0 and y0 will be used to calibrate readings
+
+ // turn on pull-down for button -> this assumes the other side of the button
+ // is connected to +3V3 so we read 1 when pressed and 0 when not pressed
+ click->mode(PullDown);
+ // we therefore need to fire the interrupt on a rising edge
+ click->rise(callback(this,&Joystick::click_isr));
+ // need to use a callback since mbed-os5 - basically tells it to look in this class for the ISR
+ _click_flag = 0;
+
+}
+
+Direction Joystick::get_direction()
+{
+ float angle = get_angle(); // 0 to 360, -1 for centred
+
+ Direction d;
+ // partition 360 into segments and check which segment the angle is in
+ if (angle < 0.0f) {
+ d = CENTRE; // check for -1.0 angle
+ } else if (angle < 22.5f) { // then keep going in 45 degree increments
+ d = N;
+ } else if (angle < 67.5f) {
+ d = NE;
+ } else if (angle < 112.5f) {
+ d = E;
+ } else if (angle < 157.5f) {
+ d = SE;
+ } else if (angle < 202.5f) {
+ d = S;
+ } else if (angle < 247.5f) {
+ d = SW;
+ } else if (angle < 292.5f) {
+ d = W;
+ } else if (angle < 337.5f) {
+ d = NW;
+ } else {
+ d = N;
+ }
+
+ return d;
+}
+
+// this method gets the magnitude of the joystick movement
+float Joystick::get_mag()
+{
+ Polar p = get_polar();
+ return p.mag;
+}
+
+// this method gets the angle of joystick movement (0 to 360, 0 North)
+float Joystick::get_angle()
+{
+ Polar p = get_polar();
+ return p.angle;
+}
+
+// get raw joystick coordinate in range -1 to 1
+// Direction (x,y)
+// North (0,1)
+// East (1,0)
+// South (0,-1)
+// West (-1,0)
+Vector2D Joystick::get_coord()
+{
+ // read() returns value in range 0.0 to 1.0 so is scaled and centre value
+ // substracted to get values in the range -1.0 to 1.0
+ float x = 2.0f*( horiz->read() - _x0 );
+ float y = 2.0f*( vert->read() - _y0 );
+
+ // Note: the x value here is inverted to ensure the positive x is to the
+ // right. This is simply due to how the potentiometer on the joystick
+ // I was using was connected up. It could have been corrected in hardware
+ // by swapping the power supply pins. Instead it is done in software so may
+ // need to be changed depending on your wiring setup
+
+ Vector2D coord = {-x,y};
+ return coord;
+}
+
+// This maps the raw x,y coord onto a circular grid.
+// See: http://mathproofs.blogspot.co.uk/2005/07/mapping-square-to-circle.html
+Vector2D Joystick::get_mapped_coord()
+{
+ Vector2D coord = get_coord();
+
+ // do the transformation
+ float x = coord.x*sqrt(1.0f-pow(coord.y,2.0f)/2.0f);
+ float y = coord.y*sqrt(1.0f-pow(coord.x,2.0f)/2.0f);
+
+ Vector2D mapped_coord = {x,y};
+ return mapped_coord;
+}
+
+// this function converts the mapped coordinates into polar form
+Polar Joystick::get_polar()
+{
+ // get the mapped coordinate
+ Vector2D coord = get_mapped_coord();
+
+ // at this point, 0 degrees (i.e. x-axis) will be defined to the East.
+ // We want 0 degrees to correspond to North and increase clockwise to 359
+ // like a compass heading, so we need to swap the axis and invert y
+ float x = coord.y;
+ float y = coord.x;
+
+ float mag = sqrt(x*x+y*y); // pythagoras
+ float angle = RAD2DEG*atan2(y,x);
+ // angle will be in range -180 to 180, so add 360 to negative angles to
+ // move to 0 to 360 range
+ if (angle < 0.0f) {
+ angle+=360.0f;
+ }
+
+ // the noise on the ADC causes the values of x and y to fluctuate slightly
+ // around the centred values. This causes the random angle values to get
+ // calculated when the joystick is centred and untouched. This is also when
+ // the magnitude is very small, so we can check for a small magnitude and then
+ // set the angle to -1. This will inform us when the angle is invalid and the
+ // joystick is centred
+
+ if (mag < TOL) {
+ mag = 0.0f;
+ angle = -1.0f;
+ }
+
+ Polar p = {mag,angle};
+ return p;
+}
+
+bool Joystick::button_pressed()
+{
+ // ISR must have been triggered
+ if (_click_flag) {
+ _click_flag = 0; // clear flag
+ return true;
+ } else {
+ return false;
+ }
+}
+
+void Joystick::click_isr()
+{
+ _click_flag = 1;
+}
diff -r 466f54c00c50 -r acf82069b794 Joystick/Joystick.h
--- /dev/null Thu Jan 01 00:00:00 1970 +0000
+++ b/Joystick/Joystick.h Thu Aug 25 13:50:39 2022 +0000
@@ -0,0 +1,109 @@
+#ifndef JOYSTICK_H
+#define JOYSTICK_H
+
+#include "mbed.h"
+
+// this value can be tuned to alter tolerance of joystick movement
+#define TOL 0.1f
+#define RAD2DEG 57.2957795131f
+
+enum Direction {
+ CENTRE, // 0
+ N, // 1
+ NE, // 2
+ E, // 3
+ SE, // 4
+ S, // 5
+ SW, // 6
+ W, // 7
+ NW // 8
+};
+
+struct Vector2D {
+ float x;
+ float y;
+};
+
+struct Polar {
+ float mag;
+ float angle;
+};
+
+/** Joystick Class
+@brief Acknowledgements to Dr Craig A. Evans, University of Leeds
+@brief Library for interfacing with analogue joystick
+@upgraded Dr Edmond Nurellari, University of Lincoln
+
+Example:
+
+@code
+
+#include "mbed.h"
+#include "Joystick.h"
+
+// y x button
+Joystick joystick(PTB10,PTB11,PTC16);
+
+int main() {
+
+ joystick.init();
+
+ while(1) {
+
+ Vector2D coord = joystick.get_coord();
+ printf("Coord = %f,%f\n",coord.x,coord.y);
+
+ Vector2D mapped_coord = joystick.get_mapped_coord();
+ printf("Mapped coord = %f,%f\n",mapped_coord.x,mapped_coord.y);
+
+ float mag = joystick.get_mag();
+ float angle = joystick.get_angle();
+ printf("Mag = %f Angle = %f\n",mag,angle);
+
+ Direction d = joystick.get_direction();
+ printf("Direction = %i\n",d);
+
+ if (joystick.button_pressed() ) {
+ printf("Button Pressed\n");
+ }
+
+ wait(0.5);
+ }
+
+
+}
+
+* @endcode
+*/
+class Joystick
+{
+public:
+
+ // y-pot x-pot button
+ Joystick(PinName vertPin,PinName horizPin,PinName clickPin);
+
+ void init(); // needs to be called at start with joystick centred
+ float get_mag(); // polar
+ float get_angle(); // polar
+ Vector2D get_coord(); // cartesian co-ordinates x,y
+ Vector2D get_mapped_coord(); // x,y mapped to circle
+ Direction get_direction(); // N,NE,E,SE etc.
+ Polar get_polar(); // mag and angle in struct form
+ bool button_pressed(); // read button flag set in ISR when button pressed
+
+private:
+
+ AnalogIn *vert;
+ AnalogIn *horiz;
+ InterruptIn *click;
+
+ int _click_flag; // flag set in ISR
+ void click_isr(); // ISR on button press
+
+ // centred x,y values
+ float _x0;
+ float _y0;
+
+};
+
+#endif
\ No newline at end of file
diff -r 466f54c00c50 -r acf82069b794 N5110.lib --- a/N5110.lib Thu Aug 25 13:49:37 2022 +0000 +++ /dev/null Thu Jan 01 00:00:00 1970 +0000 @@ -1,1 +0,0 @@ -https://os.mbed.com/teams/DA-Internet-of-Things-and-Smart-Electron/code/TargetLocalisationCK/#7bad54552502
diff -r 466f54c00c50 -r acf82069b794 N5110/N5110.cpp
--- /dev/null Thu Jan 01 00:00:00 1970 +0000
+++ b/N5110/N5110.cpp Thu Aug 25 13:50:39 2022 +0000
@@ -0,0 +1,498 @@
+#include "mbed.h"
+#include "N5110.h"
+
+// overloaded constructor includes power pin - LCD Vcc connected to GPIO pin
+// this constructor works fine with LPC1768 - enough current sourced from GPIO
+// to power LCD. Doesn't work well with K64F.
+N5110::N5110(PinName const pwrPin,
+ PinName const scePin,
+ PinName const rstPin,
+ PinName const dcPin,
+ PinName const mosiPin,
+ PinName const sclkPin,
+ PinName const ledPin)
+ :
+ _spi(new SPI(mosiPin,NC,sclkPin)), // create new SPI instance and initialise
+ _led(new PwmOut(ledPin)),
+ _pwr(new DigitalOut(pwrPin)),
+ _sce(new DigitalOut(scePin)),
+ _rst(new DigitalOut(rstPin)),
+ _dc(new DigitalOut(dcPin))
+{}
+
+// overloaded constructor does not include power pin - LCD Vcc must be tied to +3V3
+// Best to use this with K64F as the GPIO hasn't sufficient output current to reliably
+// drive the LCD.
+N5110::N5110(PinName const scePin,
+ PinName const rstPin,
+ PinName const dcPin,
+ PinName const mosiPin,
+ PinName const sclkPin,
+ PinName const ledPin)
+ :
+ _spi(new SPI(mosiPin,NC,sclkPin)), // create new SPI instance and initialise
+ _led(new PwmOut(ledPin)),
+ _pwr(NULL), // pwr not needed so null it to be safe
+ _sce(new DigitalOut(scePin)),
+ _rst(new DigitalOut(rstPin)),
+ _dc(new DigitalOut(dcPin))
+{}
+
+N5110::~N5110()
+{
+ delete _spi;
+
+ if(_pwr) {
+ delete _pwr;
+ }
+
+ delete _led;
+ delete _sce;
+ delete _rst;
+ delete _dc;
+}
+
+// initialise function - powers up and sends the initialisation commands
+void N5110::init()
+{
+ turnOn(); // power up
+ wait_ms(10); // small delay seems to prevent spurious pixels during mbed reset
+ reset(); // reset LCD - must be done within 100 ms
+ // initSPI();
+
+ setContrast(0.55); // this may need tuning (say 0.4 to 0.6)
+ setBias(3); // datasheet - 48:1 mux - don't mess with if you don't know what you're doing! (0 to 7)
+ setTempCoefficient(0); // datasheet - may need increasing (range 0 to 3) at very low temperatures
+ normalMode(); // normal video mode by default
+
+ clearRAM(); // RAM is undefined at power-up so clear to be sure
+ clear(); // clear buffer
+ setBrightness(0.5);
+}
+
+// sets normal video mode (black on white)
+void N5110::normalMode()
+{
+ sendCommand(0b00100000); // basic instruction
+ sendCommand(0b00001100); // normal video mode- datasheet
+}
+
+// sets normal video mode (white on black)
+void N5110::inverseMode()
+{
+ sendCommand(0b00100000); // basic instruction
+ sendCommand(0b00001101); // inverse video mode - datasheet
+}
+
+// function to power up the LCD and backlight - only works when using GPIO to power
+void N5110::turnOn()
+{
+ if (_pwr != NULL) {
+ _pwr->write(1); // apply power
+ }
+}
+
+// function to power down LCD
+void N5110::turnOff()
+{
+ clear(); // clear buffer
+ refresh();
+ setBrightness(0.0); // turn backlight off
+ clearRAM(); // clear RAM to ensure specified current consumption
+ // send command to ensure we are in basic mode
+
+ sendCommand(0b00100000); // basic mode
+ sendCommand(0b00001000); // clear display
+ sendCommand(0b00100001); // extended mode
+ sendCommand(0b00100100); // power down
+
+ // if we are powering the LCD using the GPIO then make it low to turn off
+ if (_pwr != NULL) {
+ wait_ms(10); // small delay and then turn off the power pin
+ _pwr->write(0); // turn off power
+ }
+
+}
+
+// function to change LED backlight brightness
+void N5110::setBrightness(float brightness)
+{
+ // check whether brightness is within range
+ if (brightness < 0.0f)
+ brightness = 0.0f;
+ if (brightness > 1.0f)
+ brightness = 1.0f;
+ // set PWM duty cycle
+ _led->write(brightness);
+}
+
+void N5110::setContrast(float contrast) {
+
+ // enforce limits
+ if (contrast > 1.0f)
+ contrast = 1.0f;
+ else if (contrast < 0.0f)
+ contrast = 0.0;
+
+ // convert to char in range 0 to 127 (i.e. 6 bits)
+ char ic = char(contrast*127.0f);
+
+ sendCommand(0b00100001); // extended instruction set
+ sendCommand(0b10000000 | ic); // set Vop (which controls contrast)
+ sendCommand(0b00100000); // back to basic instruction set
+}
+
+void N5110::setTempCoefficient(char tc) {
+
+ // enforce limits
+ if (tc>3) {
+ tc=3;
+ }
+
+ // temperature coefficient may need increasing at low temperatures
+
+ sendCommand(0b00100001); // extended instruction set
+ sendCommand(0b00000100 | tc);
+ sendCommand(0b00100000); // back to basic instruction set
+}
+
+void N5110::setBias(char bias) {
+
+ // from data sheet
+ // bias mux rate
+ // 0 1:100
+ // 1 1:80
+ // 2 1:65
+ // 3 1:48 (default)
+ // 4 1:40/1:34
+ // 5 1:24
+ // 6 1:18/1:16
+ // 7 1:10/1:9/1:8
+
+ // enforce limits
+ if (bias>7) {
+ bias=7;
+ }
+
+ sendCommand(0b00100001); // extended mode instruction
+ sendCommand(0b00010000 | bias);
+ sendCommand(0b00100000); // end of extended mode instruction
+}
+
+// pulse the active low reset line
+void N5110::reset()
+{
+ _rst->write(0); // reset the LCD
+ _rst->write(1);
+}
+
+// function to initialise SPI peripheral
+void N5110::initSPI()
+{
+ _spi->format(8,1); // 8 bits, Mode 1 - polarity 0, phase 1 - base value of clock is 0, data captured on falling edge/propagated on rising edge
+ _spi->frequency(4000000); // maximum of screen is 4 MHz
+}
+
+// send a command to the display
+void N5110::sendCommand(unsigned char command)
+{
+ _dc->write(0); // set DC low for command
+ _sce->write(0); // set CE low to begin frame
+ _spi->write(command); // send command
+ _dc->write(1); // turn back to data by default
+ _sce->write(1); // set CE high to end frame (expected for transmission of single byte)
+}
+
+// send data to the display at the current XY address
+// dc is set to 1 (i.e. data) after sending a command and so should
+// be the default mode.
+void N5110::sendData(unsigned char data)
+{
+ _sce->write(0); // set CE low to begin frame
+ _spi->write(data);
+ _sce->write(1); // set CE high to end frame (expected for transmission of single byte)
+}
+
+// this function writes 0 to the 504 bytes to clear the RAM
+void N5110::clearRAM()
+{
+ _sce->write(0); //set CE low to begin frame
+ for(int i = 0; i < WIDTH * HEIGHT; i++) { // 48 x 84 bits = 504 bytes
+ _spi->write(0x00); // send 0's
+ }
+ _sce->write(1); // set CE high to end frame
+}
+
+// function to set the XY address in RAM for subsequenct data write
+void N5110::setXYAddress(unsigned int const x,
+ unsigned int const y)
+{
+ if (x<WIDTH && y<HEIGHT) { // check within range
+ sendCommand(0b00100000); // basic instruction
+ sendCommand(0b10000000 | x); // send addresses to display with relevant mask
+ sendCommand(0b01000000 | y);
+ }
+}
+
+// These functions are used to set, clear and get the value of pixels in the display
+// Pixels are addressed in the range of 0 to 47 (y) and 0 to 83 (x). The refresh()
+// function must be called after set and clear in order to update the display
+void N5110::setPixel(unsigned int const x,
+ unsigned int const y,
+ bool const state)
+{
+ if (x<WIDTH && y<HEIGHT) { // check within range
+ // calculate bank and shift 1 to required position in the data byte
+ if(state) buffer[x][y/8] |= (1 << y%8);
+ else buffer[x][y/8] &= ~(1 << y%8);
+ }
+}
+
+void N5110::clearPixel(unsigned int const x,
+ unsigned int const y)
+{
+ if (x<WIDTH && y<HEIGHT) { // check within range
+ // calculate bank and shift 1 to required position (using bit clear)
+ buffer[x][y/8] &= ~(1 << y%8);
+ }
+}
+
+int N5110::getPixel(unsigned int const x,
+ unsigned int const y) const
+{
+ if (x<WIDTH && y<HEIGHT) { // check within range
+ // return relevant bank and mask required bit
+
+ int pixel = (int) buffer[x][y/8] & (1 << y%8);
+
+ if (pixel)
+ return 1;
+ else
+ return 0;
+ }
+
+ return 0;
+
+}
+
+// function to refresh the display
+void N5110::refresh()
+{
+ setXYAddress(0,0); // important to set address back to 0,0 before refreshing display
+ // address auto increments after printing string, so buffer[0][0] will not coincide
+ // with top-left pixel after priting string
+
+ _sce->write(0); //set CE low to begin frame
+
+ for(int j = 0; j < BANKS; j++) { // be careful to use correct order (j,i) for horizontal addressing
+ for(int i = 0; i < WIDTH; i++) {
+ _spi->write(buffer[i][j]); // send buffer
+ }
+ }
+ _sce->write(1); // set CE high to end frame
+
+}
+
+// fills the buffer with random bytes. Can be used to test the display.
+// The rand() function isn't seeded so it probably creates the same pattern everytime
+void N5110::randomiseBuffer()
+{
+ int i,j;
+ for(j = 0; j < BANKS; j++) { // be careful to use correct order (j,i) for horizontal addressing
+ for(i = 0; i < WIDTH; i++) {
+ buffer[i][j] = rand()%256; // generate random byte
+ }
+ }
+
+}
+
+// function to print 5x7 font
+void N5110::printChar(char const c,
+ unsigned int const x,
+ unsigned int const y)
+{
+ if (y<BANKS) { // check if printing in range of y banks
+
+ for (int i = 0; i < 5 ; i++ ) {
+ int pixel_x = x+i;
+ if (pixel_x > WIDTH-1) // ensure pixel isn't outside the buffer size (0 - 83)
+ break;
+ buffer[pixel_x][y] = font5x7[(c - 32)*5 + i];
+ // array is offset by 32 relative to ASCII, each character is 5 pixels wide
+ }
+
+ }
+}
+
+// function to print string at specified position
+void N5110::printString(const char *str,
+ unsigned int const x,
+ unsigned int const y)
+{
+ if (y<BANKS) { // check if printing in range of y banks
+
+ int n = 0 ; // counter for number of characters in string
+ // loop through string and print character
+ while(*str) {
+
+ // writes the character bitmap data to the buffer, so that
+ // text and pixels can be displayed at the same time
+ for (int i = 0; i < 5 ; i++ ) {
+ int pixel_x = x+i+n*6;
+ if (pixel_x > WIDTH-1) // ensure pixel isn't outside the buffer size (0 - 83)
+ break;
+ buffer[pixel_x][y] = font5x7[(*str - 32)*5 + i];
+ }
+ str++; // go to next character in string
+ n++; // increment index
+ }
+ }
+}
+
+// function to clear the screen buffer
+void N5110::clear()
+{
+ memset(buffer,0,sizeof(buffer));
+}
+
+// function to plot array on display
+void N5110::plotArray(float const array[])
+{
+ for (int i=0; i<WIDTH; i++) { // loop through array
+ // elements are normalised from 0.0 to 1.0, so multiply
+ // by 47 to convert to pixel range, and subtract from 47
+ // since top-left is 0,0 in the display geometry
+ setPixel(i,47 - int(array[i]*47.0f),true);
+ }
+
+}
+
+// function to draw circle
+void N5110:: drawCircle(unsigned int const x0,
+ unsigned int const y0,
+ unsigned int const radius,
+ FillType const fill)
+{
+ // from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Midpoint_circle_algorithm
+ int x = radius;
+ int y = 0;
+ int radiusError = 1-x;
+
+ while(x >= y) {
+
+ // if transparent, just draw outline
+ if (fill == FILL_TRANSPARENT) {
+ setPixel( x + x0, y + y0,true);
+ setPixel(-x + x0, y + y0,true);
+ setPixel( y + x0, x + y0,true);
+ setPixel(-y + x0, x + y0,true);
+ setPixel(-y + x0, -x + y0,true);
+ setPixel( y + x0, -x + y0,true);
+ setPixel( x + x0, -y + y0,true);
+ setPixel(-x + x0, -y + y0,true);
+ } else { // drawing filled circle, so draw lines between points at same y value
+
+ int type = (fill==FILL_BLACK) ? 1:0; // black or white fill
+
+ drawLine(x+x0,y+y0,-x+x0,y+y0,type);
+ drawLine(y+x0,x+y0,-y+x0,x+y0,type);
+ drawLine(y+x0,-x+y0,-y+x0,-x+y0,type);
+ drawLine(x+x0,-y+y0,-x+x0,-y+y0,type);
+ }
+
+ y++;
+ if (radiusError<0) {
+ radiusError += 2 * y + 1;
+ } else {
+ x--;
+ radiusError += 2 * (y - x) + 1;
+ }
+ }
+
+}
+
+void N5110::drawLine(unsigned int const x0,
+ unsigned int const y0,
+ unsigned int const x1,
+ unsigned int const y1,
+ unsigned int const type)
+{
+ // Note that the ranges can be negative so we have to turn the input values
+ // into signed integers first
+ int const y_range = static_cast<int>(y1) - static_cast<int>(y0);
+ int const x_range = static_cast<int>(x1) - static_cast<int>(x0);
+
+ // if dotted line, set step to 2, else step is 1
+ unsigned int const step = (type==2) ? 2:1;
+
+ // make sure we loop over the largest range to get the most pixels on the display
+ // for instance, if drawing a vertical line (x_range = 0), we need to loop down the y pixels
+ // or else we'll only end up with 1 pixel in the x column
+ if ( abs(x_range) > abs(y_range) ) {
+
+ // ensure we loop from smallest to largest or else for-loop won't run as expected
+ unsigned int const start = x_range > 0 ? x0:x1;
+ unsigned int const stop = x_range > 0 ? x1:x0;
+
+ // loop between x pixels
+ for (unsigned int x = start; x<= stop ; x+=step) {
+ // do linear interpolation
+ int const dx = static_cast<int>(x)-static_cast<int>(x0);
+ unsigned int const y = y0 + y_range * dx / x_range;
+
+ // If the line type is '0', this will clear the pixel
+ // If it is '1' or '2', the pixel will be set
+ setPixel(x,y, type);
+ }
+ } else {
+
+ // ensure we loop from smallest to largest or else for-loop won't run as expected
+ unsigned int const start = y_range > 0 ? y0:y1;
+ unsigned int const stop = y_range > 0 ? y1:y0;
+
+ for (unsigned int y = start; y<= stop ; y+=step) {
+ // do linear interpolation
+ int const dy = static_cast<int>(y)-static_cast<int>(y0);
+ unsigned int const x = x0 + x_range * dy / y_range;
+
+ // If the line type is '0', this will clear the pixel
+ // If it is '1' or '2', the pixel will be set
+ setPixel(x,y, type);
+ }
+ }
+
+}
+
+void N5110::drawRect(unsigned int const x0,
+ unsigned int const y0,
+ unsigned int const width,
+ unsigned int const height,
+ FillType const fill)
+{
+ if (fill == FILL_TRANSPARENT) { // transparent, just outline
+ drawLine(x0,y0,x0+(width-1),y0,1); // top
+ drawLine(x0,y0+(height-1),x0+(width-1),y0+(height-1),1); // bottom
+ drawLine(x0,y0,x0,y0+(height-1),1); // left
+ drawLine(x0+(width-1),y0,x0+(width-1),y0+(height-1),1); // right
+ } else { // filled rectangle
+ int type = (fill==FILL_BLACK) ? 1:0; // black or white fill
+ for (int y = y0; y<y0+height; y++) { // loop through rows of rectangle
+ drawLine(x0,y,x0+(width-1),y,type); // draw line across screen
+ }
+ }
+}
+
+void N5110::drawSprite(int x0,
+ int y0,
+ int nrows,
+ int ncols,
+ int *sprite)
+{
+ for (int i = 0; i < nrows; i++) {
+ for (int j = 0 ; j < ncols ; j++) {
+
+ int pixel = *((sprite+i*ncols)+j);
+ setPixel(x0+j,y0+i, pixel);
+ }
+ }
+}
\ No newline at end of file
diff -r 466f54c00c50 -r acf82069b794 N5110/N5110.h
--- /dev/null Thu Jan 01 00:00:00 1970 +0000
+++ b/N5110/N5110.h Thu Aug 25 13:50:39 2022 +0000
@@ -0,0 +1,534 @@
+#ifndef N5110_H
+#define N5110_H
+
+#include "mbed.h"
+
+// number of pixels on display
+#define WIDTH 84
+#define HEIGHT 48
+#define BANKS 6
+
+/// Fill types for 2D shapes
+enum FillType {
+ FILL_TRANSPARENT, ///< Transparent with outline
+ FILL_BLACK, ///< Filled black
+ FILL_WHITE, ///< Filled white (no outline)
+};
+
+/** N5110 Class
+@brief Library for interfacing with Nokia 5110 LCD display (https://www.sparkfun.com/products/10168) using the hardware SPI on the mbed.
+@brief The display is powered from a GPIO pin meaning it can be controlled via software. The LED backlight is also software-controllable (via PWM pin).
+@brief Can print characters and strings to the display using the included 5x7 font.
+@brief The library also implements a screen buffer so that individual pixels on the display (84 x 48) can be set, cleared and read.
+@brief The library can print primitive shapes (lines, circles, rectangles)
+@brief Acknowledgements to Chris Yan's Nokia_5110 Library.
+
+@brief Revision 1.4
+
+@upgraded Dr. Edmond Nurellari
+@date 1st December 2021
+
+@code
+
+#include "mbed.h"
+#include "N5110.h"
+
+// rows,cols
+int sprite[8][5] = {
+ { 0,0,1,0,0 },
+ { 0,1,1,1,0 },
+ { 0,0,1,0,0 },
+ { 0,1,1,1,0 },
+ { 1,1,1,1,1 },
+ { 1,1,1,1,1 },
+ { 1,1,0,1,1 },
+ { 1,1,0,1,1 },
+};
+
+// VCC,SCE,RST,D/C,MOSI,SCLK,LED
+//N5110 lcd(p7,p8,p9,p10,p11,p13,p21); // LPC1768 - pwr from GPIO
+N5110 lcd(p8,p9,p10,p11,p13,p21); // LPC1768 - powered from +3V3 - JP1 in 2/3 position
+//N5110 lcd(PTC9,PTC0,PTC7,PTD2,PTD1,PTC11); // K64F - pwr from 3V3
+
+int main()
+{
+ // first need to initialise display
+ lcd.init();
+
+ // change set contrast in range 0.0 to 1.0
+ // 0.4 appears to be a good starting point
+ lcd.setContrast(0.4);
+
+ while(1) {
+
+ // these are default settings so not strictly needed
+ lcd.normalMode(); // normal colour mode
+ lcd.setBrightness(0.5); // put LED backlight on 50%
+
+ lcd.clear();
+ // x origin, y origin, rows, cols, sprite
+ lcd.drawSprite(20,6,8,5,(int *)sprite);
+ lcd.refresh();
+ wait(5.0);
+
+ lcd.clear(); // clear buffer at start of every loop
+ // can directly print strings at specified co-ordinates (must be less than 84 pixels to fit on display)
+ lcd.printString("Hello, World!",0,0);
+
+ char buffer[14]; // each character is 6 pixels wide, screen is 84 pixels (84/6 = 14)
+ // so can display a string of a maximum 14 characters in length
+ // or create formatted strings - ensure they aren't more than 14 characters long
+ int temperature = 27;
+ int length = sprintf(buffer,"T = %2d C",temperature); // print formatted data to buffer
+ // it is important the format specifier ensures the length will fit in the buffer
+ if (length <= 14) // if string will fit on display (assuming printing at x=0)
+ lcd.printString(buffer,0,1); // display on screen
+
+ float pressure = 1012.3; // same idea with floats
+ length = sprintf(buffer,"P = %.2f mb",pressure);
+ if (length <= 14)
+ lcd.printString(buffer,0,2);
+
+ // can also print individual characters at specified place
+ lcd.printChar('X',5,3);
+
+ // draw a line across the display at y = 40 pixels (origin top-left)
+ for (int i = 0; i < WIDTH; i++) {
+ lcd.setPixel(i,40,true);
+ }
+ // need to refresh display after setting pixels or writing strings
+ lcd.refresh();
+ wait(5.0);
+
+ // can check status of pixel using getPixel(x,y);
+ lcd.clear(); // clear buffer
+ lcd.setPixel(2,2,true); // set random pixel in buffer
+ lcd.refresh();
+ wait(1.0);
+
+ int pixel_to_test = lcd.getPixel(2,2);
+
+ if ( pixel_to_test ) {
+ lcd.printString("2,2 is set",0,4);
+ }
+
+ // this one shouldn't be set
+ lcd.setPixel(3,3,false); // clear random pixel in buffer
+ lcd.refresh();
+ pixel_to_test = lcd.getPixel(3,3);
+
+ if ( pixel_to_test == 0 ) {
+ lcd.printString("3,3 is clear",0,5);
+ }
+
+ lcd.refresh();
+ wait(4.0);
+
+ lcd.clear(); // clear buffer
+ lcd.inverseMode(); // invert colours
+ lcd.setBrightness(1.0); // put LED backlight on full
+
+ float array[84];
+
+ for (int i = 0; i < 84; i++) {
+ array[i] = 0.5 + 0.5*sin(i*2*3.14/84);
+ }
+
+ // can also plot graphs - 84 elements only
+ // values must be in range 0.0 - 1.0
+ lcd.plotArray(array);
+ lcd.refresh();
+ wait(5.0);
+
+ lcd.clear();
+ lcd.normalMode(); // normal colour mode back
+ lcd.setBrightness(0.5); // put LED backlight on 50%
+
+ // example of drawing lines
+ for (int x = 0; x < WIDTH ; x+=10) {
+ // x0,y0,x1,y1,type 0-white,1-black,2-dotted
+ lcd.drawLine(0,0,x,HEIGHT,2);
+ }
+ lcd.refresh(); // refresh after drawing shapes
+ wait(5.0);
+
+
+ lcd.clear();
+ // example of how to draw circles
+ lcd.drawCircle(WIDTH/2,HEIGHT/2,20,FILL_BLACK); // x,y,radius,black fill
+ lcd.drawCircle(WIDTH/2,HEIGHT/2,10,FILL_WHITE); // x,y,radius,white fill
+ lcd.drawCircle(WIDTH/2,HEIGHT/2,30,FILL_TRANSPARENT); // x,y,radius,transparent with outline
+ lcd.refresh(); // refresh after drawing shapes
+ wait(5.0);
+
+ lcd.clear();
+ // example of how to draw rectangles
+ // origin x,y,width,height,type
+ lcd.drawRect(10,10,50,30,FILL_BLACK); // filled black rectangle
+ lcd.drawRect(15,15,20,10,FILL_WHITE); // filled white rectange (no outline)
+ lcd.drawRect(2,2,70,40,FILL_TRANSPARENT); // transparent, just outline
+ lcd.refresh(); // refresh after drawing shapes
+ wait(5.0);
+
+ }
+}
+
+
+@endcode
+*/
+class N5110
+{
+private:
+// objects
+ SPI *_spi;
+ PwmOut *_led;
+ DigitalOut *_pwr;
+ DigitalOut *_sce;
+ DigitalOut *_rst;
+ DigitalOut *_dc;
+
+// variables
+ unsigned char buffer[84][6]; // screen buffer - the 6 is for the banks - each one is 8 bits;
+
+public:
+ /** Create a N5110 object connected to the specified pins
+ *
+ * @param pwr Pin connected to Vcc on the LCD display (pin 1)
+ * @param sce Pin connected to chip enable (pin 3)
+ * @param rst Pin connected to reset (pin 4)
+ * @param dc Pin connected to data/command select (pin 5)
+ * @param mosi Pin connected to data input (MOSI) (pin 6)
+ * @param sclk Pin connected to serial clock (SCLK) (pin 7)
+ * @param led Pin connected to LED backlight (must be PWM) (pin 8)
+ *
+ */
+ N5110(PinName const pwrPin,
+ PinName const scePin,
+ PinName const rstPin,
+ PinName const dcPin,
+ PinName const mosiPin,
+ PinName const sclkPin,
+ PinName const ledPin);
+
+ /** Create a N5110 object connected to the specified pins (Vcc to +3V3)
+ *
+ * @param sce Pin connected to chip enable (pin 3)
+ * @param rst Pin connected to reset (pin 4)
+ * @param dc Pin connected to data/command select (pin 5)
+ * @param mosi Pin connected to data input (MOSI) (pin 6)
+ * @param sclk Pin connected to serial clock (SCLK) (pin 7)
+ * @param led Pin connected to LED backlight (must be PWM) (pin 8)
+ *
+ */
+ N5110(PinName const scePin,
+ PinName const rstPin,
+ PinName const dcPin,
+ PinName const mosiPin,
+ PinName const sclkPin,
+ PinName const ledPin);
+
+ /**
+ * Free allocated memory when object goes out of scope
+ */
+ ~N5110();
+
+ /** Initialise display
+ *
+ * Powers up the display and turns on backlight (50% brightness default).
+ * Sets the display up in horizontal addressing mode and with normal video mode.
+ */
+ void init();
+
+ /** Turn off
+ *
+ * Powers down the display and turns of the backlight.
+ * Needs to be reinitialised before being re-used.
+ */
+ void turnOff();
+
+ /** Clear
+ *
+ * Clears the screen buffer.
+ */
+ void clear();
+
+ /** Set screen constrast
+ * @param constrast - float in range 0.0 to 1.0 (0.40 to 0.60 is usually a good value)
+ */
+ void setContrast(float contrast);
+
+ /** Turn on normal video mode (default)
+ * Black on white
+ */
+ void normalMode();
+
+ /** Turn on inverse video mode (default)
+ * White on black
+ */
+ void inverseMode();
+
+ /** Set Brightness
+ *
+ * Sets brightness of LED backlight.
+ * @param brightness - float in range 0.0 to 1.0
+ */
+ void setBrightness(float const brightness);
+
+ /** Print String
+ *
+ * Prints a string of characters to the screen buffer. String is cut-off after the 83rd pixel.
+ * @param x - the column number (0 to 83)
+ * @param y - the row number (0 to 5) - the display is split into 6 banks - each bank can be considered a row
+ */
+ void printString(char const *str,
+ unsigned int const x,
+ unsigned int const y);
+
+ /** Print Character
+ *
+ * Sends a character to the screen buffer. Printed at the specified location. Character is cut-off after the 83rd pixel.
+ * @param c - the character to print. Can print ASCII as so printChar('C').
+ * @param x - the column number (0 to 83)
+ * @param y - the row number (0 to 5) - the display is split into 6 banks - each bank can be considered a row
+ */
+ void printChar(char const c,
+ unsigned int const x,
+ unsigned int const y);
+
+ /**
+ * @brief Set a Pixel
+ *
+ * @param x The x co-ordinate of the pixel (0 to 83)
+ * @param y The y co-ordinate of the pixel (0 to 47)
+ * @param state The state of the pixel [true=black (default), false=white]
+ *
+ * @details This function sets the state of a pixel in the screen buffer.
+ * The third parameter can be omitted,
+ */
+ void setPixel(unsigned int const x,
+ unsigned int const y,
+ bool const state = true);
+
+ /**
+ * @brief Clear a Pixel
+ *
+ * @param x - the x co-ordinate of the pixel (0 to 83)
+ * @param y - the y co-ordinate of the pixel (0 to 47)
+ *
+ * @details This function clears pixel in the screen buffer
+ *
+ * @deprecated Use setPixel(x, y, false) instead
+ */
+ void clearPixel(unsigned int const x,
+ unsigned int const y)
+ __attribute__((deprecated("Use setPixel(x,y,false) instead")));
+
+ /** Get a Pixel
+ *
+ * This function gets the status of a pixel in the screen buffer.
+ * @param x - the x co-ordinate of the pixel (0 to 83)
+ * @param y - the y co-ordinate of the pixel (0 to 47)
+ * @returns
+ * 0 - pixel is clear
+ * 1 - pixel is set
+ */
+ int getPixel(unsigned int const x,
+ unsigned int const y) const;
+
+ /** Refresh display
+ *
+ * This functions sends the screen buffer to the display.
+ */
+ void refresh();
+
+ /** Randomise buffer
+ *
+ * This function fills the buffer with random data. Can be used to test the display.
+ * A call to refresh() must be made to update the display to reflect the change in pixels.
+ * The seed is not set and so the generated pattern will probably be the same each time.
+ * TODO: Randomise the seed - maybe using the noise on the AnalogIn pins.
+ */
+ void randomiseBuffer();
+
+ /** Plot Array
+ *
+ * This function plots a one-dimensional array in the buffer.
+ * @param array[] - y values of the plot. Values should be normalised in the range 0.0 to 1.0. First 84 plotted.
+ */
+ void plotArray(float const array[]);
+
+ /** Draw Circle
+ *
+ * This function draws a circle at the specified origin with specified radius in the screen buffer
+ * Uses the midpoint circle algorithm.
+ * @see http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Midpoint_circle_algorithm
+ * @param x0 - x-coordinate of centre
+ * @param y0 - y-coordinate of centre
+ * @param radius - radius of circle in pixels
+ * @param fill - fill-type for the shape
+ */
+ void drawCircle(unsigned int const x0,
+ unsigned int const y0,
+ unsigned int const radius,
+ FillType const fill);
+
+ /** Draw Line
+ *
+ * This function draws a line between the specified points using linear interpolation.
+ * @param x0 - x-coordinate of first point
+ * @param y0 - y-coordinate of first point
+ * @param x1 - x-coordinate of last point
+ * @param y1 - y-coordinate of last point
+ * @param type - 0 white,1 black,2 dotted
+ */
+ void drawLine(unsigned int const x0,
+ unsigned int const y0,
+ unsigned int const x1,
+ unsigned int const y1,
+ unsigned int const type);
+
+ /** Draw Rectangle
+ *
+ * This function draws a rectangle.
+ * @param x0 - x-coordinate of origin (top-left)
+ * @param y0 - y-coordinate of origin (top-left)
+ * @param width - width of rectangle
+ * @param height - height of rectangle
+ * @param fill - fill-type for the shape
+ */
+ void drawRect(unsigned int const x0,
+ unsigned int const y0,
+ unsigned int const width,
+ unsigned int const height,
+ FillType const fill);
+
+ /** Draw Sprite
+ *
+ * This function draws a sprite as defined in a 2D array
+ * @param x0 - x-coordinate of origin (top-left)
+ * @param y0 - y-coordinate of origin (top-left)
+ * @param nrows - number of rows in sprite
+ * @param ncols - number of columns in sprite
+ * @param sprite - 2D array representing the sprite
+ */
+ void drawSprite(int x0,
+ int y0,
+ int nrows,
+ int ncols,
+ int *sprite);
+
+
+private:
+// methods
+ void setXYAddress(unsigned int const x,
+ unsigned int const y);
+ void initSPI();
+ void turnOn();
+ void reset();
+ void clearRAM();
+ void sendCommand(unsigned char command);
+ void sendData(unsigned char data);
+ void setTempCoefficient(char tc); // 0 to 3
+ void setBias(char bias); // 0 to 7
+};
+
+const unsigned char font5x7[480] = {
+ 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00,// (space)
+ 0x00, 0x00, 0x5F, 0x00, 0x00,// !
+ 0x00, 0x07, 0x00, 0x07, 0x00,// "
+ 0x14, 0x7F, 0x14, 0x7F, 0x14,// #
+ 0x24, 0x2A, 0x7F, 0x2A, 0x12,// $
+ 0x23, 0x13, 0x08, 0x64, 0x62,// %
+ 0x36, 0x49, 0x55, 0x22, 0x50,// &
+ 0x00, 0x05, 0x03, 0x00, 0x00,// '
+ 0x00, 0x1C, 0x22, 0x41, 0x00,// (
+ 0x00, 0x41, 0x22, 0x1C, 0x00,// )
+ 0x08, 0x2A, 0x1C, 0x2A, 0x08,// *
+ 0x08, 0x08, 0x3E, 0x08, 0x08,// +
+ 0x00, 0x50, 0x30, 0x00, 0x00,// ,
+ 0x08, 0x08, 0x08, 0x08, 0x08,// -
+ 0x00, 0x60, 0x60, 0x00, 0x00,// .
+ 0x20, 0x10, 0x08, 0x04, 0x02,// /
+ 0x3E, 0x51, 0x49, 0x45, 0x3E,// 0
+ 0x00, 0x42, 0x7F, 0x40, 0x00,// 1
+ 0x42, 0x61, 0x51, 0x49, 0x46,// 2
+ 0x21, 0x41, 0x45, 0x4B, 0x31,// 3
+ 0x18, 0x14, 0x12, 0x7F, 0x10,// 4
+ 0x27, 0x45, 0x45, 0x45, 0x39,// 5
+ 0x3C, 0x4A, 0x49, 0x49, 0x30,// 6
+ 0x01, 0x71, 0x09, 0x05, 0x03,// 7
+ 0x36, 0x49, 0x49, 0x49, 0x36,// 8
+ 0x06, 0x49, 0x49, 0x29, 0x1E,// 9
+ 0x00, 0x36, 0x36, 0x00, 0x00,// :
+ 0x00, 0x56, 0x36, 0x00, 0x00,// ;
+ 0x00, 0x08, 0x14, 0x22, 0x41,// <
+ 0x14, 0x14, 0x14, 0x14, 0x14,// =
+ 0x41, 0x22, 0x14, 0x08, 0x00,// >
+ 0x02, 0x01, 0x51, 0x09, 0x06,// ?
+ 0x32, 0x49, 0x79, 0x41, 0x3E,// @
+ 0x7E, 0x11, 0x11, 0x11, 0x7E,// A
+ 0x7F, 0x49, 0x49, 0x49, 0x36,// B
+ 0x3E, 0x41, 0x41, 0x41, 0x22,// C
+ 0x7F, 0x41, 0x41, 0x22, 0x1C,// D
+ 0x7F, 0x49, 0x49, 0x49, 0x41,// E
+ 0x7F, 0x09, 0x09, 0x01, 0x01,// F
+ 0x3E, 0x41, 0x41, 0x51, 0x32,// G
+ 0x7F, 0x08, 0x08, 0x08, 0x7F,// H
+ 0x00, 0x41, 0x7F, 0x41, 0x00,// I
+ 0x20, 0x40, 0x41, 0x3F, 0x01,// J
+ 0x7F, 0x08, 0x14, 0x22, 0x41,// K
+ 0x7F, 0x40, 0x40, 0x40, 0x40,// L
+ 0x7F, 0x02, 0x04, 0x02, 0x7F,// M
+ 0x7F, 0x04, 0x08, 0x10, 0x7F,// N
+ 0x3E, 0x41, 0x41, 0x41, 0x3E,// O
+ 0x7F, 0x09, 0x09, 0x09, 0x06,// P
+ 0x3E, 0x41, 0x51, 0x21, 0x5E,// Q
+ 0x7F, 0x09, 0x19, 0x29, 0x46,// R
+ 0x46, 0x49, 0x49, 0x49, 0x31,// S
+ 0x01, 0x01, 0x7F, 0x01, 0x01,// T
+ 0x3F, 0x40, 0x40, 0x40, 0x3F,// U
+ 0x1F, 0x20, 0x40, 0x20, 0x1F,// V
+ 0x7F, 0x20, 0x18, 0x20, 0x7F,// W
+ 0x63, 0x14, 0x08, 0x14, 0x63,// X
+ 0x03, 0x04, 0x78, 0x04, 0x03,// Y
+ 0x61, 0x51, 0x49, 0x45, 0x43,// Z
+ 0x00, 0x00, 0x7F, 0x41, 0x41,// [
+ 0x02, 0x04, 0x08, 0x10, 0x20,// "\"
+ 0x41, 0x41, 0x7F, 0x00, 0x00,// ]
+ 0x04, 0x02, 0x01, 0x02, 0x04,// ^
+ 0x40, 0x40, 0x40, 0x40, 0x40,// _
+ 0x00, 0x01, 0x02, 0x04, 0x00,// `
+ 0x20, 0x54, 0x54, 0x54, 0x78,// a
+ 0x7F, 0x48, 0x44, 0x44, 0x38,// b
+ 0x38, 0x44, 0x44, 0x44, 0x20,// c
+ 0x38, 0x44, 0x44, 0x48, 0x7F,// d
+ 0x38, 0x54, 0x54, 0x54, 0x18,// e
+ 0x08, 0x7E, 0x09, 0x01, 0x02,// f
+ 0x08, 0x14, 0x54, 0x54, 0x3C,// g
+ 0x7F, 0x08, 0x04, 0x04, 0x78,// h
+ 0x00, 0x44, 0x7D, 0x40, 0x00,// i
+ 0x20, 0x40, 0x44, 0x3D, 0x00,// j
+ 0x00, 0x7F, 0x10, 0x28, 0x44,// k
+ 0x00, 0x41, 0x7F, 0x40, 0x00,// l
+ 0x7C, 0x04, 0x18, 0x04, 0x78,// m
+ 0x7C, 0x08, 0x04, 0x04, 0x78,// n
+ 0x38, 0x44, 0x44, 0x44, 0x38,// o
+ 0x7C, 0x14, 0x14, 0x14, 0x08,// p
+ 0x08, 0x14, 0x14, 0x18, 0x7C,// q
+ 0x7C, 0x08, 0x04, 0x04, 0x08,// r
+ 0x48, 0x54, 0x54, 0x54, 0x20,// s
+ 0x04, 0x3F, 0x44, 0x40, 0x20,// t
+ 0x3C, 0x40, 0x40, 0x20, 0x7C,// u
+ 0x1C, 0x20, 0x40, 0x20, 0x1C,// v
+ 0x3C, 0x40, 0x30, 0x40, 0x3C,// w
+ 0x44, 0x28, 0x10, 0x28, 0x44,// x
+ 0x0C, 0x50, 0x50, 0x50, 0x3C,// y
+ 0x44, 0x64, 0x54, 0x4C, 0x44,// z
+ 0x00, 0x08, 0x36, 0x41, 0x00,// {
+ 0x00, 0x00, 0x7F, 0x00, 0x00,// |
+ 0x00, 0x41, 0x36, 0x08, 0x00,// }
+ 0x08, 0x08, 0x2A, 0x1C, 0x08,// ->
+ 0x08, 0x1C, 0x2A, 0x08, 0x08 // <-
+};
+
+#endif
\ No newline at end of file
diff -r 466f54c00c50 -r acf82069b794 Piezo_Buzzer.lib --- a/Piezo_Buzzer.lib Thu Aug 25 13:49:37 2022 +0000 +++ /dev/null Thu Jan 01 00:00:00 1970 +0000 @@ -1,1 +0,0 @@ -https://os.mbed.com/users/kenjiArai/code/Piezo_Buzzer/#5cf10634ae7b
diff -r 466f54c00c50 -r acf82069b794 Piezo_Buzzer/piezo_bz.cpp
--- /dev/null Thu Jan 01 00:00:00 1970 +0000
+++ b/Piezo_Buzzer/piezo_bz.cpp Thu Aug 25 13:50:39 2022 +0000
@@ -0,0 +1,122 @@
+/*
+ * Mbed library program
+ * Control Piezo Transducer
+ *
+ * Copyright (c) 2018 Kenji Arai / JH1PJL
+ * http://www.page.sannet.ne.jp/kenjia/index.html
+ * http://mbed.org/users/kenjiArai/
+ * Created: Feburary 28th, 2018
+ * Revised: March 3rd, 2018
+ */
+
+#include "mbed.h"
+#include "piezo_bz.h"
+
+PIEZO_BZ::PIEZO_BZ(PinName pin, uint32_t f, uint32_t on_off_time)
+ : _pin(pin)
+{
+ out = false;
+ _pin.write(0);
+ freq = f;
+ if (freq < 50) {
+ freq = 50;
+ } else if (freq > 10000) {
+ freq = 10000;
+ }
+ flag_run = false;
+ _t0.attach_us(callback(this, &PIEZO_BZ::create_freq_irq), 500000 / freq);
+ t_onoff = on_off_time;
+ if (t_onoff == 0) {
+ flag_continuous = true;
+ _t1.attach_us(
+ callback(this, &PIEZO_BZ::create_onoff_irq),
+ 1000000000 // 1000sec
+ );
+ } else {
+ flag_continuous = false;
+ _t1.attach_us(
+ callback(this, &PIEZO_BZ::create_onoff_irq),
+ t_onoff * 1000
+ );
+ }
+}
+
+PIEZO_BZ::~PIEZO_BZ()
+{
+ _t0.detach();
+ _t1.detach();
+}
+
+void PIEZO_BZ::start()
+{
+ flag_run = true;
+}
+
+void PIEZO_BZ::stop()
+{
+ flag_run = false;
+}
+
+void PIEZO_BZ::change_frequency(uint32_t f)
+{
+ _t0.detach();
+ freq = f;
+ if (freq < 300) {
+ freq = 300;
+ } else if (freq > 10000) {
+ freq = 10000;
+ }
+ _t0.attach_us(callback(this, &PIEZO_BZ::create_freq_irq), 500000 / freq);
+}
+
+void PIEZO_BZ::change_on_off(uint32_t on_off_time)
+{
+ _t1.detach();
+ t_onoff = on_off_time;
+ if (t_onoff == 0) {
+ flag_continuous = true;
+ _t1.attach_us(
+ callback(this, &PIEZO_BZ::create_onoff_irq),
+ 1000000000U // 1000sec
+ );
+ } else {
+ flag_continuous = false;
+ _t1.attach_us(
+ callback(this, &PIEZO_BZ::create_onoff_irq),
+ t_onoff * 1000U
+ );
+ }
+}
+
+void PIEZO_BZ::create_freq_irq(void)
+{
+ // <point A>
+ if (!flag_run) {
+ _pin.write(0);
+ return;
+ }
+ if (!flag_continuous) {
+ if (!flag_onoff) {
+ _pin.write(0);
+ return;
+ }
+ }
+ _pin.write(out);
+ out = !out;
+ // <point B>
+ // Processing time from <point A> to <point B> is 200 to 230ns
+ // measured on Nucleo-F446RE board (System clock 180MHz)
+}
+
+void PIEZO_BZ::create_onoff_irq(void)
+{
+ // <point C>
+ if (flag_continuous) {
+ flag_onoff = true;
+ } else {
+ flag_onoff = !flag_onoff;
+ }
+ // <point D>
+ // Processing time from <point C> to <point D> is 120 to 140ns
+ // measured on Nucleo-F446RE board (System clock 180MHz)
+}
diff -r 466f54c00c50 -r acf82069b794 Piezo_Buzzer/piezo_bz.h
--- /dev/null Thu Jan 01 00:00:00 1970 +0000
+++ b/Piezo_Buzzer/piezo_bz.h Thu Aug 25 13:50:39 2022 +0000
@@ -0,0 +1,100 @@
+/*
+ * Mbed library program
+ * Control Piezo Transducer
+ *
+ * Copyright (c) 2018 Kenji Arai / JH1PJL
+ * http://www.page.sannet.ne.jp/kenjia/index.html
+ * http://mbed.org/users/kenjiArai/
+ * Created: Feburary 28th, 2018
+ * Revised: March 3rd, 2018
+ */
+
+// Tested: Nucleo-F446RE with Akizuki PT08-Z185R
+// http://akizukidenshi.com/catalog/g/gP-01251/
+
+/*
+ Refrence:
+ https://os.mbed.com/users/MikamiUitOpen/code/UIT_Sounder_OnOff/
+ by 不韋 呂 さん(Mikami-san)
+ */
+
+#ifndef MBED_PIEZOBZ_H
+#define MBED_PIEZOBZ_H
+
+#include "mbed.h"
+
+/** Interface for Piezo Buzzer
+ *
+ * @code
+ * #include "mbed.h"
+ * #include "piezo_bz.h"
+ *
+ * PIEZO_BZ bz(D8, 3000U, 500U); // 3kHz 0.5 sec duty
+ *
+ * int main() {
+ * while(1) {
+ * bz.start();
+ * wait(5.0f);
+ * bz.stop();
+ * wait(1.0f);
+ * }
+ * }
+ *
+ * @endcode
+ */
+
+#define CONTINUOUS_MODE 0U
+
+/** Piezo Buzzer class
+ */
+class PIEZO_BZ
+{
+public:
+
+ /** Create a Piezo Buzzer instance
+ *
+ * @param pin for Piezo Buzzer (another pin connect GND)
+ * @param Buzzer frequency [Hz]
+ * @param Duration for ringing time and rest time (duty 50%) [mS]
+ * on_off_time = 0 -> Continuous mode
+ */
+ PIEZO_BZ(PinName pin, uint32_t freq, uint32_t on_off_time);
+
+ /** Destructor of Piezo Buzzer
+ */
+ virtual ~PIEZO_BZ();
+
+ /** Start Buzzer
+ */
+ void start(void);
+
+ /** Stop Buzzer
+ */
+ void stop(void);
+
+ /** Change buzzer frequency
+ * @param Buzzer frequency [Hz]
+ */
+ void change_frequency(uint32_t freq);
+
+ /** Change On-Off duration
+ * @param Duration for ringing time and rest time (duty 50%) [mS]
+ */
+ void change_on_off(uint32_t on_off_time);
+
+private:
+ void create_freq_irq(void);
+ void create_onoff_irq(void);
+
+ DigitalOut _pin;
+ Ticker _t0;
+ Ticker _t1;
+ uint32_t freq;
+ uint32_t t_onoff;
+ bool out;
+ bool flag_onoff;
+ bool flag_run;
+ bool flag_continuous;
+};
+
+#endif // MBED_PIEZOBZ_H