CyaSSL example using x509 certs and DTLS over ethernet.

Dependencies:   EthernetInterface NTPClient cyassl-lib mbed-rtos mbed-src CyaSSL_DTLS_Ethernet

Dependents:   CyaSSL_DTLS_Ethernet

Testing DTLS out

To test this client you need to setup a server and use the correct CA certificate, server certificate, and server private key. This will allow the client to authenticate to the server, and enable the server to authenticate the client. The server can authenticate the client because the test program includes a device certificate signed by the server CA.

The server certificate and and CA certificate are identical as this is a self-signed certificate:

-----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----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-----END CERTIFICATE-----

The server private key is as follows:

-----BEGIN PRIVATE KEY-----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-----END PRIVATE KEY-----

Both the certificate and the private key are in PEM format. It is worth noting that all the certificates and keys on the device are in DER format to save space. You might be wondering how to easily get PEM keys and certs into a format suitable for the mbed, well it's easy, you can just use the openssl tools to convert, and then xxd to get a hex sequence which you can put into an array. To convert a cert, use the following command:

openssl x509 -in cert.pem -outform DER | xxd -i

This will dump the x509 cert in DER format and pipe it to xxd, where the -i switch is used to convert the byte sequence into c-include style. All it really does is dump the bytes in hexadecimal, you still need to wrap it in an array like this:

const static unsigned char deviceCertificate[] = {
   OUTPUT OF ABOVE
};
const static int deviceCertificateLength = sizeof(deviceCertificate);

For converting keys, the command is the same buy you use the rsa subcommand of openssl (or dsa if you used DSA keys):

openssl rsa -in key.pem -outform DER | xxd -i

In anycase, to use the PEM files with the CyaSSL server, download the CyaSSL example server from here: http://yassl.com/yaSSL/download/downloadForm.php. Configure it with debugging and dtls before compiling (I've also enabled PSK because I'm testing that):

./configure --enable-psk --enable-debug --enable-dtls

Then do

make

Now, the cyaSSL server needs the PEM certificates above to work with those setup on the mbed device, but it is particular about where these PEM certs are found. You need to put them in the certs directory in the root of the unzipped code (it seems to ignore flags which point it elsewhere).

And for some reason cyaSSL calls the CA certificate the "client-cert.pem", so copy the server certificate above into "certs/client-cert.pem" and also copy it into "certs/server-cert.pem". Copy the server private key into "certs/server-key.pem".

Now change directory into example/server/ and run the server like this:

./server -u -b -f

These flags are -u for UDP i.e DTLS, -b to bind to all interfaces, and -f to group messages (fewer packets). For some reason this last flag is needed to work properly with the mbed.

You should now be able to fire up the mbed, change the code to point to your server, and see the handshake and test messages go back and forth. You can see it works because you should see the message "I hear you fa shizzle!" on the mbed (this is the message they define), and you should see the message "onion" received on the server.

Generating your own keys and certificates

OK so you want to generate your own self-signed certificate for your server and device. Great, but I'm too busy/lazy to write a detailed tutorial right now. Instead I've created you a shell script that randomly generates a new self-signed CA/server-cert and uses this to sign a device certificate.

The device certificate and private key are placed into a directory called mbed/certs where as the server certs are placed in server/certs. You'll have to read up on these commands to work out how to generate and sign more device certs, and how to change options etc. HTH.

#!/bin/sh
CA_KEY_FILE=ca_key.pem
CA_KEY_FORMAT=PEM
CA_KEY_ALGORITHM=rsa
CA_KEY_BITS=1024
# 1. Make a key for the CA (in this case the server)
echo Generating $CA_KEY_ALGORITHM key: $CA_KEY_FILE
openssl genpkey \
	-out $CA_KEY_FILE \
	-outform $CA_KEY_FORMAT \
	-algorithm $CA_KEY_ALGORITHM \
	-pkeyopt rsa_keygen_bits:$CA_KEY_BITS
echo DONE 
# extract public key (for vanity)
openssl pkey \
	-in $CA_KEY_FILE \
	-pubout \
	-out $CA_KEY_FILE.pub

# 2. Make a self signed certificate for the CA (trusted certificate)
# req - PKCS#10 certificate request and certificate generating utility.
CA_CERT_EXPIRY=3600
CA_CERT_SERIAL=0x1111
CA_CERT_FILE=ca_cert.pem
CA_CERT_REQ=ca_cert_req.pem
CA_ID=DMServer
echo Generating self signed root CA certificate: $CA_CERT_FILE
openssl req \
	-new \
	-key $CA_KEY_FILE \
	-days $CA_CERT_EXPIRY \
	-set_serial $CA_CERT_SERIAL \
	-subj "/C=GB/ST=Berkshire/L=Newbury/O=Vodafone/OU=R&D/CN=$CA_ID" \
	-out $CA_CERT_FILE \
	-x509 \
	-verbose 
echo DONE.

# 3. Make a key for the device
DEV_KEY_FILE=dev_key.pem
DEV_KEY_FORMAT=PEM
DEV_KEY_ALGORITHM=rsa
DEV_KEY_BITS=1024
echo Generating $DEV_KEY_ALGORITHM key: $DEV_KEY_FILE
openssl genpkey \
	-out $DEV_KEY_FILE \
	-outform $DEV_KEY_FORMAT \
	-algorithm $DEV_KEY_ALGORITHM \
	-pkeyopt rsa_keygen_bits:$DEV_KEY_BITS
echo DONE 
# extract public key (for vanity)
openssl pkey \
	-in $DEV_KEY_FILE \
	-pubout \
	-out $DEV_KEY_FILE.pub

# 4. Make a certificate request for the device
DEV_CERT_EXPIRY=3600
DEV_CERT_SERIAL=2222
DEV_CERT_REQ_FILE=dev_cert_req.pem
DEV_CERT_FILE=dev_cert.pem
DEV_ID=Device1
echo Generating certificate request for device: $DEV_CERT_REQ_FILE
openssl req \
	-new \
	-key $DEV_KEY_FILE \
	-days $DEV_CERT_EXPIRY \
	-set_serial $DEV_CERT_SERIAL \
	-subj "/C=GB/ST=Berkshire/L=Newbury/O=Vodafone/OU=R&D/CN=$DEV_ID" \
	-out $DEV_CERT_REQ_FILE \
	-verbose 

echo DONE.

# 5. Sign the device certificate using the root CA certificate
echo Creating directories and other stuff I really wish was not needed
mkdir -p demoCA/newcerts
touch demoCA/index.txt
echo $DEV_CERT_SERIAL > demoCA/serial
echo DONE.
# do the actual signing
echo Signing certificate request $DEV_CERT_REQ_FILE with certificate $CA_CERT_FILE
openssl ca \
	-in $DEV_CERT_REQ_FILE \
	-out $DEV_CERT_FILE \
	-days $DEV_CERT_EXPIRY \
	-keyfile $CA_KEY_FILE \
	-cert $CA_CERT_FILE \
	-batch \
	-verbose

echo DONE.

# 6 convert this stuff into a format suitable for mbed
echo Creating mbed include files
MBED_DIR=mbed/certs
mkdir -p $MBED_DIR
# private key
OUT=$MBED_DIR/device_private_key.h
echo "#pragma once" > $OUT
echo "const static unsigned char devicePrivateKey[] = {" >> $OUT
openssl $DEV_KEY_ALGORITHM -in $DEV_KEY_FILE -outform DER | xxd -i >> $OUT
echo "};" >> $OUT
echo "const static int devicePrivateKeyLength = sizeof(devicePrivateKey);" >> $OUT

# device cert
OUT=$MBED_DIR/device_certificate.h
echo "#pragma once" > $OUT
echo "const static unsigned char deviceCertificate[] = {" >> $OUT
openssl x509 -in $DEV_CERT_FILE -outform DER | xxd -i >> $OUT
echo "};" >> $OUT
echo "const static int deviceCertificateLength = sizeof(deviceCertificate);" >> $OUT

# CA cert
OUT=$MBED_DIR/root_certificate.h
echo "#pragma once" > $OUT
echo "const static unsigned char rootCertificate[] = {" >> $OUT
openssl x509 -in $CA_CERT_FILE -outform DER | xxd -i >> $OUT
echo "};" >> $OUT
echo "const static int rootCertificateLength = sizeof(rootCertificate);" >> $OUT
echo DONE.

# create (copy) the server files for CyaSSL
echo Creating PEM file structure of CyaSSL server
OUT=server/certs
mkdir -p $OUT
cp $CA_CERT_FILE $OUT/client_cert.pem
cp $CA_CERT_FILE $OUT/server_cert.pem
cp $CA_KEY_FILE $OUT/server_key.pem
echo DONE.

main.cpp

Committer:
ashleymills
Date:
2013-09-19
Revision:
4:df1e7ada3ef2
Parent:
3:48795329999a

File content as of revision 4:df1e7ada3ef2:

#define __DEBUG__ 4 //Maximum verbosity
#ifndef __MODULE__
#define __MODULE__ "main.cpp"
#endif

#define DEBUG_CYASSL 1
#include "bsd_socket.h"
#include "mbed.h"
#include "rtos.h"
#include "dbg.h"
#include "cyassl/ssl.h"
#include "EthernetInterface.h"
#include "NTPClient.h"

#include "logging.h"

#include "certs/device_certificate.h"
#include "certs/device_private_key.h"
#include "certs/root_certificate.h"

/* 
// this is how you would setup a client PSK
static INLINE unsigned int my_psk_client_cb(CYASSL* ssl, const char* hint,
        char* identity, unsigned int id_max_len, unsigned char* key,
        unsigned int key_max_len)
{
    (void)ssl;
    (void)hint;
    (void)key_max_len;
    
    DBG("PSK client callback callled.");
    
    // identity is OpenSSL testing default for openssl s_client, keep same
    strncpy(identity, "Client_identity", id_max_len);


    // test key in hex is 0x1a2b3c4d , in decimal 439,041,101 , we're using
    //   unsigned binary
    key[0] = 26;
    key[1] = 43;
    key[2] = 60;
    key[3] = 77;

    return 4;   // length of key in octets or 0 for error
}
*/

sockaddr_in bindAddr,serverAddress;

bool connectToSocketUDP(char *ipAddress, int port, int *sockfd) {
  *sockfd = -1;
  // create the socket
  if((*sockfd=socket(AF_INET,SOCK_DGRAM,0))<0) {
     DBG("Error opening socket");
     return false;
  }
  socklen_t sockAddrInLen = sizeof(struct sockaddr_in);
   
  // bind socket to 11111
  memset(&bindAddr,  0x00, sockAddrInLen);
  bindAddr.sin_family = AF_INET; // IP family
  bindAddr.sin_port = htons(11111);
  bindAddr.sin_addr.s_addr = IPADDR_ANY; // 32 bit IP representation
  // call bind
  if(bind(*sockfd,(const struct sockaddr *)&bindAddr,sockAddrInLen)!=0) {
     DBG("Error binding socket");
     perror(NULL);
  }

  INFO("UDP socket created and bound to: %s:%d",inet_ntoa(bindAddr.sin_addr),ntohs(bindAddr.sin_port));
         
  // create the socket address

  memset(&serverAddress, 0x00, sizeof(struct sockaddr_in));
  serverAddress.sin_addr.s_addr = inet_addr(ipAddress);
  serverAddress.sin_family = AF_INET;
  serverAddress.sin_port = htons(port);

  // do socket connect
  //LOG("Connecting socket to %s:%d", inet_ntoa(serverAddress.sin_addr), ntohs(serverAddress.sin_port));
  if(connect(*sockfd, (const struct sockaddr *)&serverAddress, sizeof(serverAddress))<0) {
     shutdown(*sockfd,SHUT_RDWR);
     close(*sockfd);
     DBG("Could not connect");
     return false;
  }
  return true;
}

DigitalOut myled(LED1);
#define INTERFACE EthernetInterface

void printError(CYASSL *ssl, int resultCode) {
   int err = CyaSSL_get_error(ssl, resultCode);
   char errorString[80];
   CyaSSL_ERR_error_string(err, errorString);
   DBG("Error: CyaSSL_write %s", errorString);
}

void debugCallback(const int logLevel,const char *const logMessage) {
   DBG(logMessage);
}


int main() {
   DBG_INIT();
   DBG_SET_SPEED(115200);
   DBG_SET_NEWLINE("\r\n");
   DBG("\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n");
   
   int ret = 0;
   
   // init ethernet
   EthernetInterface ethernet;
   // connnect ethernet
   DBG("Cnnecting to network interface");
   ethernet.init();
   if(ethernet.connect(10000)) {
      DBG("Error initialising ethernet interface");
   }
   DBG("Connected to network interface");
   
   DBG("IP: %s",ethernet.getIPAddress());
    
   // need to set the time before doing anything else
   NTPClient ntp;
   time_t currentTime = time(NULL);
   int obtainedTimeSuccessfully = false;
   // try 100 times and then just force a watchdog reboot
   for(int i=0; i<100; i++) {
      obtainedTimeSuccessfully = false;
   
      if(ntp.setTime("0.pool.ntp.org")==0) {
         // there is a bug from somewhere which results in a negative timestamp
         currentTime = time(NULL);
         if(currentTime>0) {
            obtainedTimeSuccessfully = true;
            INFO("Time set successfully, time is now (UTC): %s", ctime(&currentTime));
         }
      }
      if(obtainedTimeSuccessfully) {
         break;
      }
   }
        
   CyaSSL_Init();// Initialize CyaSSL
   if(CyaSSL_Debugging_ON()==0) {
      DBG("CyaSSL debugging enabled");
   } else {
      DBG("CyaSSL debugging not compiled in");
   }
   
   // use our own debugging system for CyaSSL debugging
   CyaSSL_SetLoggingCb(&debugCallback);

   // set client method
   
   // DTLS
   CYASSL_METHOD* method = CyaDTLSv1_2_client_method();
   if(method == NULL) {
      // unable to get method
   }
   CYASSL_CTX* ctx;
   ctx = CyaSSL_CTX_new(method);
   if(ctx == NULL){
      DBG("CyaSSL_CTX_new error.\n");
      exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
   }
   
   DBG("Setup SSL context");
   
   // use pre-shared keys
   //CyaSSL_CTX_set_psk_client_callback(ctx,my_psk_client_cb);
   
   // load certificates for CA and us
   // load CA cert
   ret = CyaSSL_CTX_load_verify_buffer(ctx,rootCertificate, rootCertificateLength,SSL_FILETYPE_ASN1);
   // load device cert
   ret = CyaSSL_CTX_use_certificate_buffer(ctx, deviceCertificate, deviceCertificateLength, SSL_FILETYPE_ASN1);
   // load device private key
   ret = CyaSSL_CTX_use_PrivateKey_buffer(ctx, devicePrivateKey, devicePrivateKeyLength, SSL_FILETYPE_ASN1);
   
   // setup UDP socket
   int sockfd = NULL;
   if(!connectToSocketUDP("192.168.1.99", 11111, &sockfd)) {
      DBG("Error connecting to socket");
   }
   
   DBG("Connected to non-SSL socket");
   
   // hook into SSL
   // Create CYASSL object
   CYASSL* ssl;
   ssl = CyaSSL_new(ctx);
   if(ssl == NULL) {
      DBG("CyaSSL_new error.");
      exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
   }
   DBG("CyaSSL_new OK");
   
   // this is where you set the peer name for the server
   // CyaSSL_connect() will return an error which resolves to
   // DOMAIN_NAME_MISMATCH via CyaSSL_get_error()
   // this is how you ensure that the peer is who you think it is
   CyaSSL_check_domain_name(ssl, "DMServer");
   
   // attach to socket
   DBG("Attaching CyaSSL to socket");
   CyaSSL_set_fd(ssl, sockfd);
   DBG("Attached CyaSSL to socket");
   
   // DTLS stuff
   ret = CyaSSL_dtls_set_peer(ssl, &serverAddress, sizeof(serverAddress));
   if(ret != SSL_SUCCESS) {
      // failed to set DTLS peer
      DBG("Failed to set DTLS peer");
   }
   
   ret = CyaSSL_dtls(ssl);
   if(ret) {
      // SSL session has been configured to use DTLS
      DBG("DTLS configured");
   } else {
      DBG("DTLS not configured");
   }
   
   DBG("Issuing CyaSSL_connect");
   int result = CyaSSL_connect(ssl);
   if(result!=SSL_SUCCESS) {
      DBG("CyaSSL_connect failed");
      printError(ssl,result);
   }
   DBG("CyaSSL_connect OK");
   
   result = CyaSSL_write(ssl,"onion",5);
   DBG("Wrote %d things",result);
   if(result<0) {
      printError(ssl,result);
   }
   
    char buffer[200];
    int d =0;
    if((d=CyaSSL_read(ssl, &buffer, 200))>0) {
       DBG("Received %d bytes: %s",d,buffer);
    }
   
   // clean up
   CyaSSL_CTX_free(ctx);
   CyaSSL_Cleanup();  
   
}